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AP Euro > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Renaissance effect on Scientific Revolution

A

-spirit of inquiry
-humanism
-art (realism + geometry)
-printing press

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2
Q

Protestant Reformation’s effect on Scientific Revolution

A

-challenging authority
-individualism

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3
Q

Age of Exploration’s effect on Scientific Revolution

A

-new technology -> more precise measurements
-exposure to other cultures -> cultural relatism

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4
Q

Geocentric theory

A

-Aristotle/Ptolemy
-Earth at center and everything moves around
-Pro-Christian
-references in Bible
-Earth is center because their God’s most important creation

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5
Q

Copernicus

A

-Polish astronomer
-heliocentric model
-wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

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6
Q

Heliocentric model

A

-Copernicus
-Sun at center
-Contreversial:
-went against Church

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7
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

-Rudolfine Tables

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8
Q

Rudolfine Tables

A

-Tycho Brahe
-collected data that supported Copernicus

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9
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

-Took data from Brahe
-Created the Laws of Planetary Motion

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10
Q

Laws of Planetary Motion

A

-Johannes Kepler
-elliptical orbits
-showed the world is designed logically

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11
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

-ran controlled experiments
-built telescopes
-wrote Starry Messenger and On the Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the world
-condemned by RCC
-recanted his findings

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12
Q

Starry Messenger

A

-Galileo describing his findings with his telescope

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13
Q

On the Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World

A

-Galileo
-Supported heliocentric theory

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14
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

-Newtonian Synthesis
-Principia Mathematica
-Law of Universal Gravitation
-Newton’s 3 laws of motion

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15
Q

Principia Mathematica

A

Where Newton presented the Law of Universal Gravitation

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16
Q

Newtonian world

A

-world works like a machine
-predictable
-works on laws
-laws found through experiments

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17
Q

Impacts of Newtonian world

A

-encouraged further discoveries
-new tech -> planning for future

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18
Q

Scientific Method

A

-Standardized approach to gain knowledge
-Francis Bacon

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19
Q

Francis Bacon

A

-Scientific Method
-used inductive reasoning and empiricism

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20
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Specific data -> generalize

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21
Q

Empiricism

A

Observations and experiments lead to conclusions

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22
Q

Rene Descartes

A

-Deductive Reasoning
-Cartesian Dualism
-everything should be doubted until proven
-“I think therefore I am”

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23
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General knowledge -> spefics

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24
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

-mind vs matter
-spiritual vs physical

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25
Scientific societies
-funded by government -where scientists studied together -most in France
26
Natural philosophers
Scientists
27
Enlightenment
-application of science to politics, economics, and religion -organized nature = organized society -rational criticism -people taking initiative -hope that society can progress
28
Treasties on Government
-John Locke -response to English Bill of Rights -social contract between people and government -people consent to be governed -government makes decisions in best interest for people -natural rights -people can overthrow
29
Leviathan
-Thomas Hobbes -Response to English Civil War -social contract between government and people -people give up their right of political autonomy -government protects people -no limitations on an absolute ruler
30
Phisiocrats
Using natural philosophy for economics
31
What is Enlightenment?
-Immanuel Kant -Enlightenment is when people think for themselves -government + church thought for people -people are lazy, so they need people to think for themselves -use rational criticism
32
Rational criticism
Never take anything without questioning
33
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
-people are born a blank slate -shaped by environment -everyone born equal -breaks social hierarchy -education important -only wealthy men could access
34
Philosophes
-French enlightened thinkers -Anti-absolutist -restricted individualism -Anti-monarchy -wanted more power to the people -Anti-Church -Deism -pro-religious tolerance -anti-popular/elitist -most uneducated
35
Salons
-Where philosophes met -private homes because of censorship
36
Salonniere
Wealthy women who hosted salons
37
Deism
-Supreme being -created to make order in the world -Newtonian
38
Critical and Historical Dictionary
-Pierre Bayle -skepticism
39
The Persian Letters
-Baron de Montesquieu -double meanings to get around censorship
40
Spirit of the Laws
-Baron de Montenequieu -separation of powers -prevent tyranny and promote liberty -system of checks and balances
41
Voltaire
-defender of free speech and religious toleration -wrote to criticize things he did not agree with -crushing intolerance, tyranny, hypocracy, fanaticism, and superstition -enlightened despotism
42
Philosophical Dictionary
-Voltaire’s thoughts on subjects such as: -religion -genie story -love thy neighbor -Christians are hypocrites because they are intolerant -tolerance -Christians should be most tolerant, but they are not -intolerance leads to war
43
Enlightened despotism
-Voltaire -monarchs should be bound with reason
44
Beccaria
-legal equality -punishment for crime based on damage instead of how sinful -On Crimes and Punishment -opposed death penalty and torture -influenced enlightened despots
45
On Crimes and Punishment
-Beccaria -legal equality -punishment fitting the crime
46
David Hume
-desire governed human behavior -human ideas influenced by sensory experiences -human thinking is limited -focus on what we can experience on Earth
47
Paul d’Holbach
-atheist -materialism -System of Nature
48
System of Nature
-Paul d’Holbach -materialism -determinism -God is apart of imagination
49
Materialism
-Paul d’Holbach -everything is made of matter and motion
50
Determinism
-Paul d’Holbach -people are determined by outside forces
51
Progress of the Human Mind
-Jean-Marie de Condorcet -people evolve to be better
52
On the Origin of Inequality Among Men
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau -civilization was the source of evil -people were instinctually good, but corrupted by society
53
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-believed on relying on instincts and feelings over logic -women were naturally mothers -wrote On the Origin of Inequality Among Men, Emile, The Social Contract, and The New Heloise
54
Emile
-natural education -children should learn by natural curiosity and experiences -women don’t need education -only valuable for raising children
55
The New Heloise
-celebrated simple lives in nature -inspired wealthy women to role play as poor
56
The Social Contract
-common men enslaved to government and property class -didn’t represent common people -governments are needed to form order -social contract between the people to find general wil -individual will less important than general will -advocated for participatory democracy -not always majority -didn’t explain how to find general will
57
Mary Wollstonecraft
-Vindication of the Rights of Women -promoted educational and political equality for women
58
Vindication of the Rights of Women
-attacked Rousseau -women defined by biology -mothers -weak and dumb -women being controlled by men is the same as absolute leaders controlling people -Enlightened thinkers fought absolutism -women are as intellectually capable as men
59
Mary Astell
Believed women can’t compete with men because they have not been equipped with the same resources
60
Encyclopedie
-Denis Diderot -recorded works from philosophes -compiled for education
61
Maria Theresa
-Austrian leader -daughter of Charles VI -mother of Joseph II -traditionalist
62
Joseph II
-Austrian Enlightened Despot -Son of Maria Theresa -“Peasant King” -abolished torture -helped poor -ended serfdom -religiously tolerant -too radical -alienating -took away noble power -peasants -not used to society -RCC -Hapsburgs were Catholics -used Church land to help poor
63
Leopold II
-brother and successor of Joseph II -overturned Joseph II’s reforms
64
Frederick II
-Prussian Enlightened Despot -got rid of torture -supported Voltaire -public education -limited religous tolerance -anti-Semitic -limited reforms -wanted to increase power by military expansion -needed Junker support
65
Catherine the Great
-Russian Enlightened Despot -originally German princess -married Peter III -planned military takeover with boyars -Peter III abdicates an is assassined -expands empire into Causcauses and Crimea -funded Diderot’s Encyclopedia -codified laws -funded public schools -first girls school -promoted Enlightened culture -wanted to free serfs, but made it stronger -Cossack rebellion -needed boyar approval -made serfdom stronger -pale of settlement
66
Peter III
-married to Catherine the Great -abdicated throne after Catherine the Great’s takeover with Boyars
67
Pale of Settlement
-Catherine the Great -Pushing Jews into Pale
68
War of Austrian Succession
-Frederick II seized Silesia -violated Pragmatic Sanctions -need in Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
69
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
-ended War of Austrian Succession -Prussia gained Silesia
70
Seven Years’ War
-Maria Theresa wants Silesia -Austria, Russia, and France want to conquer Prussia -England supported Prussia -Caused French-Indian War -Ended in Treaty of Paris (1763)
71
Treaty of Paris (1763)
-Ended Seven Years War -France had to give colonial territory to England -Prussia retained Silesia

AP Euro (9 decks)

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