Unit 7 Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
Diploid
A
- A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes
- 1 from male and 1 from female parent
2
Q
Haploid
A
- One set
- Containing only 1 set of chromosomes + 1 set of genes.
3
Q
Homologous Chromosomes
A
The number of chromosomes coming from the male + female parents = corresponding
AA+ BB + CC + DD
4
Q
Meiosis
A
- When 1 cell divides twice > produce 4 haploid sex cells containing 1/2 the original amount of genetic info
5
Q
Crossing Over
A
During meiosis, crossing over results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes + produces new allele combos.
6
Q
Alleles
A
Different forms of a gene
7
Q
Gamete
A
- The product of meiosis: 4 haploid sex cells.
8
Q
Somatic Cell
A
- Any body cell except for sperm + egg cells.
- Somatic cells are diploid, they contain 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent.
9
Q
Polar Bodies
A
- The other 3 cells produced in the female during meiosis.
- Usually don’t participate in reproduction.
10
Q
Chromosomes
A
- Genetic material passed down
- Made of DNA + proteins
11
Q
Chromatin
A
- String of DNA + Proteins
- Structure of DNA when the nucleus isn’t dividing.
12
Q
Sister Chromatids
A
- 2 identical copies of replicated chromosomes made during DNA replication
13
Q
Why do cells go through the cell cycle?
A
- For growth and repair
14
Q
Cell cycle? How many stages?
A
- Typical cell process of growth, development, and reproduction
- 3 stages: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
15
Q
Interphase
A
- DNA is replicated during interphase so each cell will have the same info
- Stage of growth in the cell cycle that’s BETWEEN CELL DIVISION
- Longest phase
16
Q
G1 Phase
A
- Most growth- proteins + organelles duplicated.
17
Q
S Phase
A
- Synthesis of DNA: chromosomes replicated
18
Q
G2 Phase
A
- Organelles + molecules needed for cell division are produced.
19
Q
Mitosis? What’s produced?
A
- Stage in the cycle when the CELL NUCLEUS DIVIDES.
- Produces somatic body cells
20
Q
4 Stages in MITOSIS
A
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
PMAT
21
Q
Prophase (3 things)
A
- Sister chromatids visible.
- Centrioles (in animal cells) separate.
- Nuclear membrane breaks down.
SCeNe
SCN
22
Q
Centrioles
A
- Produces + Organizes the spindle
- Helps separate chromosomes
POH
23
Q
Spindle
A
- Fibers of micro tubules that attach to centromeres of chromosomes
24
Q
Metaphase
A
- Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.
- Spindle fibers attach to centromere.
25
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes + move apart
26
Telophase
- Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell, 2 new nuclear envelopes form.
27
Mitosis start + end products
- 1 diploid nucleus that divides into 2 diploid nuclei to product 2 identical body cells.
28
Cytokinesis
- Stage in the cell cycle when the CYTOPLASM DIVIDES.
29
Sister Chromatids
- 2 identical copies of replicated chromosomes made during DNA replication
30
Somatic Cell
- Body cell
| - Cells with both sets of chromosomes. Diploid 2N
31
Sperm
- Haploid 1N
| - Male sex cell, produced in the testes
32
Egg
- Haploid 1N
| - The female sex cell, produced in the ovaries
33
Zygote
- Diploid (2N)
| - A fertilized egg, the nuclear union of sperm + egg.
34
Gene Shuffling
- 23 homologous pairs move independently + can arrange in 8.4 mil. combos
- 23 homologous pairs may experience crossing over to increase variation even more
35
What does Random Fertilization provide?
- Random fertilization provides the opportunity for an increase in chance gene combos.
36
What do cyclins regulate?
- Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
37
Internal regulators
- Proteins that respond to events inside the cell.
| - Allow cell cycle to proceed ONLY when certain processes have happened in the cell
38
External regulators
- Prevent excessive cell growth
- Stimulate growth + division of cells
- Direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle
PSD
39
Cancer cells
- Cancer cells don't respond to signals that regulate growth of most cells.
- They divide uncontrollably + form tumors.
40
Describe the structure of prokaryotic (bacterial) DNA
- The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) = 1 circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane w/ flagella.
41
When DNA coils up it forms...
When DNA coils up it forms CHROMOSOMES.
42
How do prokaryotes perform cell division?
- Prokaryotes (BACTERIA) divide into 2 identical cells through BINARY FISSION
43
Difference between mitosis + meiosis end products?
- Mitosis: 12-12
12 DNA molecules + 12 chromosomes for each cell.
- Meiosis: 12-6
12 DNA molecules + 6 chromosomes for each cell.
44
of chromosomes you start with, after 1st division, & after 2nd division? (Meiosis)
- Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes
- After 1st division, 23 double stranded chromosomes.
- After 2nd division, 23 single stranded chromosomes.
45
Why do polar bodies die?
Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm.
46
Immature egg =
Immature egg = oocyte
47
Where do mitosis + meiosis take place?
- Mitosis: Somatic Cells
| - Meiosis: Germ Cells
48
Genes code for
Genes code for PROTEINS
49
Why do large cells have trouble with moving molecules in + out?
- Large cells have trouble with moving molecules in + out because CELL VOLUME increases faster than SURFACE AREA.
50
Benign cancer
- Cancer that hasn't spread to other body tissues.
51
Mitosis vs. Binary Fission
- Mitosis = eukaryotes
| - Binary Fission = prokaryotes
52
Repairing severed appendage (starfish or lizard tail)
Regeneration
53
Growing new roots for a plant from plant clippings
Vegetative propagation
54
New mold growing where spores have fallen, also occurs in ferns
Sporulation
55
Only occurs in prokaryotes
Binary fission
56
Occurs in yeast and hydra when a tiny bud sprouts from a parent
Budding
57
Occurs in single cellars eukaryotes, splitting the nucleus
Mitosis
58
Centriole purpose in animal cells ONLY
Centrioles help with chromosome movement
59
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase
60
When do the cell plate in plants and furrow in animals form?
Cytokinesis
