Unit 9 Evolution SEE OTHER PART Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Theory
A
- Well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
2
Q
Darwin
A
- His observations formulated a theory of how species change over time, called natural selection
3
Q
Lamarck
A
- Proposed a flawed theory of the inheritance of acquired traits
- Believed that animals were always striving towards perfection
4
Q
Punctuated Equilibrium
A
- Jay Gould
- Organisms undergo rapid bursts of speciation followed by long period of time unchanged
___
/
__/
5
Q
Graduated Equilibrium (general definition)
A
- Traditional evolutionary view of gradual and continuous change of populations of organisms
6
Q
Graduated Equilibrium (Explanation 1) Evolutionary Relationships...
A
- Evolutionary relationships among living organisms and those that inhabited Earth in the past can be understood through
- biochemistry
- developmental stages (cytology, embryology, and anatomy)
- examining the fossil record.
7
Q
Developmental stages
A
- Cytology, embryology, and anatomy
8
Q
Graduated Equilibrium (Explanation 2) Organism similarities...
A
- Organism similarities (structural and metabolic) are reflected in the similarity in proteins and nucleic acids
9
Q
Analogous structure
A
- Different structure, same function
10
Q
Homologous structure
A
- Same structure, different function
- Similar characteristics from common ancestry
11
Q
How do homologous structures develop?
A
- Homologous structures develop from the same embryo logical tissues and provide strong evidence that all 4 limbed animals w/ backbones have descended from a common ancestor
12
Q
Vestigial Structure
A
- Organs so reduced in size that they’re nonfunctional remnants of homologous organs in other species
13
Q
Relative dating
A
- The age of the fossil is determined by comparing its placement w/ that of fossils in other layers of rock
14
Q
Absolute dating
A
- Some elements in rocks are radioactive; radioactive half- lives determine the age of a sample
15
Q
Natural Selection
A
- Process by which organisms w/ traits well suited to an environment survive + reproduce @ a greater rate than those less suited to an environment.
16
Q
Natural Selection operates in…
A
- Natural Selection operates in populations over many generations
17
Q
Adaptation
A
- Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
18
Q
Structural Adaptations…
A
- Structural adaptations may take millions of years to develop depending on the rate of adaptation, the rate of reproduction, and environmental factors
19
Q
When do adaptations sometimes arise abruptly?
A
- Adaptations sometimes arise abruptly in response to strong environmental selective pressure.
20
Q
Examples of Adaptation
A
- Bacteria resists antibiotics
- Insects resist pesticide
- Camouflage
- Mimicry
21
Q
Evolution
A
- Change IN DNA over time: the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
22
Q
2 main sources of genetic variation
A
- Mutations and the genetic shuffling that results from sexual reproduction
23
Q
The change in allele frequency of gene in a given population may lead to…
A
The change in allele frequency of gene in a given population may lead to a new species
24
Q
Speciation
A
Formation of a new species
25
Reproductive Isolation
- 2 populations can't interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Geographic isolation
- 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as mountains, rivers, etc.
27
Symbiosis
- Relationship in which 2 species live closely together
28
According to the endosymbiotic theory...
According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cells formed a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms.
29
Lamarck's Theory
- Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
- If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.
- Giraffe's necks
30
Evolution includes...
- Evolution includes random mutations and nonrandom natural selection
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___ are selected, BUT ___ evolve
Individuals are selected, but populations evolve
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Evolution 2
- A change in gene frequency caused by mutation + selection
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Mutations
- Mutations create variation and changes DNA sequence
34
Variation
- Variation is the raw material for natural selection
| - Frequency of genes passed on to the next generation changes
35
Bottlenecking cause + effect
- When a large population is drastically reduced by a disaster, not due to fitness
- It narrows the gene pool
36
Differential survival
- Success traits= adaptations
- Limited quantities of space and resources lead to a struggle for survival results, and as a result those that are the most fit can only survive
37
Differential reproduction
- Next generation is better than older generation
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Modern Example
- Insecticide doesn't kill all bugs- some bugs survive and reproduce- resistance is inherited- more bugs are resistant/insecticide becomes less effective
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Hidden Variation
- Hidden variation can be exposed through natural selection
40
Analogous structures
- Solving a similar problem w/ a similar solution.
| - No evolutionary relationship
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Difference between homo vs. analog structures
- Homologous: Show evolutionary related-ness
| - Analogous: Don't show any relation
42
Comparative Embryology
- Similar embryological development in closely related species
- Ex. Chicken vs. Human embryo look similar
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Molecular Similarities
- Comparing DNA + protein structure
- Similar DNA, proteins
- Same genes
44
Fossil Record
- Layers of sedimentary rock contain fossils
| - New layers over older ones
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Divergent evolution
- Common ancestor
| - Darwin's finches
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Convergent evolution
- Analogous structure
- Same function, but no common ancestor
- Butterflies and birds can fly but no relation
