Unit 8-B Flashcards
(29 cards)
1
Q
Sex Chromosomes
A
- Chromosome pair #23 that determines sex
2
Q
Sex Chromosomes female vs. male
A
- XX: Female
- XY: Male
3
Q
Autosomes
A
- Chromosome pairs #1-#22 that don't determine sex - Code for physical characteristics
4
Q
Non-disjunction
A
- Homologous pairs that fail to separate in MEIOSIS, causing 1 too many/ too few chromosomes.
5
Q
Where can non-disjunction occur?
A
- Non-disjunction can occur on autosomes OR sex chromosomes
6
Q
Difference in shape between XY chromosomes
A
- X is longer and larger than y.
XXy
7
Q
Mutation
A
- A change in the genetic material
8
Q
Gene mutation
A
- A change in a single gene
9
Q
Chromosome mutation
A
- A change in a whole chromosome
10
Q
Eugenics
A
- A science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race/ breed.
11
Q
Germ cell mutation
A
- Occurs in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring
12
Q
Somatic cell mutation
A
- Occurs in body cells and won’t be passed on to offspring
13
Q
Antigen
A
- A cell surface marker protein
14
Q
Antibody
A
- A plasma protein that will attack similar antigens
15
Q
Hardy Weinberg equation (definition)
A
- Allows you to calculate the frequency of genes in a particular population
16
Q
Hardy Weinberg equation
A
- p^2+ 2pq + q^2 = 1
17
Q
Restriction Enzyme
A
- Molecular scissors used to cut DNA at specific sequences
18
Q
How are the chromosomes in a karyotype arranged?
A
- The chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs from largest to smallest
19
Q
Pedigree Symbols
A
⚪️: Female Unaffected
⬛️: Male Affected
20
Q
Barr body
A
- Cells adjust to having an extra X chromosome in females by turning 1 off, and it forms a dense region in the nucleus
21
Q
Trisomy - Down Syndrome
A
- 3 copies of a chromosome: chromosome 21 for down Syndrome
22
Q
Polyploid
A
- When an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
23
Q
Gene therapy
A
- Absent/faulty gene replaced by a normal working gene
24
Q
What do p + q = ?
A
P: Frequency of dominant allele
Q: Frequency of recessive allele
25
What do p^2, 2pq, and q^2 = ?
```
p^2= frequency of AA
2pq= frequency of Aa
q^2= frequency of aa
```
26
Steps for solving Hardy Weinberg Equation
1. Find q^2
2. Find q
3. Find p
4. Find 2pq
27
What 5 things does the Hardy Weinberg Principle assume?
1. Large population
2. Randomly mated population
3. No emigration (leaving)
4. No immigration (coming)
5. No natural selection (mutations, natural disaster)
28
A karyotype detects a ___ mutation caused by ___.
- A karyotype detects a chromosomal mutation caused by nondisjunction.
29
Turner's Syndrome is ___ of the ___ chromosomes; caused by ___ + ____
Turner's syndrome is monosomy of the 23rd chromosome, caused by nondisjunction and a missing/ incomplete X chromosome.
