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BEHP 5013 Unit 1-9 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Contingency Contract

A

A document that specifies a contingent
relationship between the completion of a
specified behavior or tsk and access to a
specific reward

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2
Q

Contracts

A

The individual’s verbal repertoire must be
sufficiently advanced so that his/her behavior
comes under the control of the contract

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3
Q

Necessary Elements of a contract

A

Task
Signatures
Reward
Data collection

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4
Q

Progress Record

A

Should monitor progress of contract and

provide interim rewards

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5
Q

Premack Principle

A

The opportunity to engage in a high-
probability behavior contingent upon the
occurrence of low-probability behavior will
reinforce the low-probability behavior

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6
Q

Contracting Rules

A 
Payoff should be immediate
Initially reward small approximations
Reward frequently with small amounts
Reward accomplishments, not obedience
Reward performance after it occurs
The contract must be fair, honest, and

positive

The terms of the contract must be clear
Contracting methods used systematically

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7
Q

DeRisi Model

A 
Date contract begins and ends
Behavior
Amount and kind of reward
Signatures of all involved
Schedule for review of progress
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8
Q

Contracting Guide

A

Involve the individual in some or all aspects of
developing the contract
Select behavior-negotiate
Describe behavior, must be observable and measurable
Identify rewards
Identify mediator, collect data, and reward
Write understandable contract
Collect data
Troubleshoot the system if no improvement
Rewrite contract
Monitor, troubleshoot, rewrite for improvement

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9
Q

Group Contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
members of a group is dependent on the
behavior of a person within the group, a
select of group members within the larger
group, or each member of the group meeting
a performance criterion

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10
Q

Group of persons share certain problem
Unrealistic to set up individual programs
Difficult to identify the person responsible for x behavior
Singling out one person to reward may cause
problems with peers

A

Consider using a group Contingency plan

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11
Q

Types of Group Contigencies

A

Independent
Dependent
Interdependent

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12
Q

Independent Group Contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for
each member of a group is dependent on
that person’s meeting a performance criterion
which is in effect for all members of the group

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13
Q

Dependent Group Contingency/Hero Procedure/Consequence Sharing

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for
each member of a group is dependent on
that person’s meeting a performance criterion
which is in effect for all members of the group

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14
Q

Interdependent Group Contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
group members of a group is dependent on
each member of the group meeting a
performance criterion that is in effect for all
members of the group

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15
Q

Group Average: Advantage

A

Group members may continue to work hard
to meet criterion even when they see peers
failing to meet the criterion

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16
Q

Group Average: Disadvantage

A

Some group member may become “free

riders”

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17
Q

Advantage of Group Selection with Group Contingency

A

As it is uncertain who will be selected as the
person to be evaluated, all members may
work harder and try to meet the criterion

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18
Q

Advantage of Group Contingency

A

May save time as do not need to design multiple programs
May be easier to implement that individualized
programs
May work quickly
Takes advantage of natural peer-to-peer influence
Group members may encourage “hero” or all
other peers
Group members may discontinue reinforcing
undesirable behavior of “hero” or all other peers

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19
Q

Disadvantage of Group Contingecy

A

Peers may put too much pressure on the
“hero” or other peers
If the “hero” does not earn the reward or if
some peers lose the reward for the group,
others may retaliate

20
Q

Guideline for implementing Group Contingency

A 
Choose powerful rewards
Determine the behavior to be strengthened or
weakened
Set appropriate performance criteria
Combine with other procedures when
appropriate
Select the most appropriate group
contingency
Monitor individual and group performance
21
Q

Indiscriminable Group Contingency

A

Can be used with independent, dependent,
or interdependent group contingencies
Members cannot predict which group
members, target behaviors, settings, and/or
times on which the reward will be contingent
Can be a powerful strategy for promoting
generalization and maintenance

22
Q

Token Economy

A

A system whereby participants earn
generalized condition reinforcers as an
immediate consequence for specific
behaviors

23
Q

System Development for Token Economies

A

Administrative issues
Ethical issues
Legal issues

24
Q

Components of Token Economy Stystem

A

What do we want the individual to do?
What kind of “token”?
What will help motivate the individual?

25
Steps in Designing a Token Economy System
Select tokens Identify target behaviors Select back-up items that can be exchanged for tokens Establish the ratio of earning and exchanging Develop procedures Field testing and training
26
Select Tokens
``` Consider: Client characteristics Safety of the token Difficulty to bootleg Durability Cost Ease of delivery ```
27
Identify Target Behavior
``` Mostly behavior to accelerate Observable Measureable Clearly defined Criteria for earning token(s) ```
28
Select Back-up Items for Token Economy System
Try natural occurring activities/events before using contrived reinforcers If individuals can get back-up reinforcers for “free,” tokens won’t be as effective Can be tangibles, activities or privileges
29
Back-up Reinforcers and MO's
Highly preferred back-up reinforcers function as an establishing operation for positive reinforcement They increase the effectiveness of tokens as reinforcement Non-preferred back-up reinforcers function as a abolishing operation
30
Field Testing
Covertly record when tokens would have | been delivered
31
Advantages of Token Economy Systems
``` Powerful behavior change system Immediate delivery of reinforcement Does not interrupt task or activity Depth and individualization Facilitate money usage Facilitates data collection ```
32
Disadvantages of Token Economy Systems
``` Complex and cumbersome Staff intensive Requires constant monitoring May be unnatural or intrusive System eventually requires fading ```
33
Phasing out Token Economy Systems
``` Always pair tokens with praise Gradually increase earning criteria Increase cost of items Switch to natural back-up reinforcers Fade out physical tokens Reduce amount of time in effect Use self-monitoring and level system ```
34
Level System
A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up or down throughout a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level
35
Best to use Level System When
``` Multiple behavior change targets Behaviorally similar population Similar target environments Target population’s behavior is controlled, somewhat, by delayed or mediated contingencies ```
36
Advantages of Level System
Simplifies staff training Provides systematic guidelines for decisions Can offset the individual differences that control decisions May be used to fade out a token economy program
37
Disadvantages of Level System
Can become punitive Easily misused Relying on level system too much
38
Self-Management
The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior
39
Self-Management Strategies
Identify target behavior Self-monitor Identify discriminative stimuli and establishing operations Arrange contingencies to support self- management Identify immediate and delayed positive and negative consequences for engaging in the target behavior Get an accountability partner
40
Self-Management Strategies for Problem Behavior
Identify and display alternative responses that compete with and/or are incompatible with the target behavior Identify private and public precursors
41
Ways to Self-Manage
``` Providing prompts Performing the initial steps of a behavior chain Removing necessary items Restricting stimulus conditions ```
42
Advantages of Self-Mangement
``` Can lead to lasting change Skills may contribute to a more efficient classroom, workplace, or home Some people perform better under self- selected goals and standards One of the ultimate goals of education “feels good” ```
43
Self-Monitoring
A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior
44
How to Self Monitor
Recording when the target behavior occurs Data are collected as behavior occurs Need to make sure monitoring is accurate
45
Self Monitoring is more likely to be successful if
The behavior is recorded immediately after it occurs Effective prompts cue the person to observe and record regularly Permanent product of the behavior or a record of its occurrence is made for evaluation
46
Elements of teaching self management
``` Self-selection and definition of the target behavior to be managed Self-observation and recording Specification of the procedures for changing the target behavior Implementation of the self-management strategy Evaluation of self-management program ```

BEHP 5013 Unit 1-9 (9 decks)

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