Unit 7

Question 1

A document that specifies a contingent
relationship between the completion of a
specified behavior or tsk and access to a
specific reward

Answer 1

Contingency contract

Question 2

Contracts are not used for…

Skill Aquisition or permenant products

Answer 2

skill aquisition

Question 3

Contracts are used for….Aquisition or permenant products

Answer 3

permanent products

Question 4

The individual’s verbal repertoire must be
sufficiently advanced so that his/her behavior
comes under the control of the contract

Answer 4

Contracts

Question 5

Task, signatures, reawards, and data collection are necessary elements of a _____

Answer 5

Contract

Question 6

Should monitor progress of contract and provide interim rewards

Answer 6

Progress record

Question 7

The opportunity to engage in a highprobability behavior contingent upon the
occurrence of low-probability behavior will
reinforce the low-probability behavior

Answer 7

Premack principle

Question 8

Payoff should be immediate; Initially reward small approximations; reward frequently with small amounts; reward accomplishments, not obiedience; reward performance after it occurs; must be fair, honest, and positive; terms must be clear; used systematically; date begins and ends must be included

Answer 8

Contracting Rules

Question 9

Derisi model

Answer 9

behavior; amount and kind of reward; signatures of all involved; schedule for review of progress

Question 10

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
members of a group is dependent on the
behavior of a person within the group, a
select of group members within the larger
group, or each member of the group meeting
a performance criterion

Answer 10

Group Contingency

Question 11

Consider using group contingencies when

Answer 11

Group of persons share certain problem
Unrealistic to set up individual programs
Difficult to identify the person responsible for
x behavior
Singling out one person to reward may cause
problems with peers

Question 12

Types of group contingencies

Answer 12

Independent; dependent; interdependent

Question 13

A contingency in which reinforcement for
each member of a group is dependent on
that person’s meeting a performance criterion
which is in effect for all members of the group

Answer 13

Independent group contingency

Question 14

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
members of a group is dependent on the
behavior of one member of the group or the
behavior of a select members within the
larger group

Answer 14

Dependent group contingency

Question 15

Dependent group contingency is also known as

Answer 15

Hero procedure; Consequence sharing

Question 16

A contingency in which reinforcement for all
group members of a group is dependent on
each member of the group meeting a
performance criterion that is in effect for all
members of the group

Answer 16

Interdependent group contingency

Question 17

Group average: Advantages

Answer 17

Group members may continue to work hard
to meet criterion even when they see peers
failing to meet the criterion

Question 18

Group average: Disadvantage

Answer 18

Some group members may become “free riders”

Question 19

Advantage of random selection with group

contingencies

Answer 19

As it is uncertain who will be selected as the
person to be evaluated, all members may
work harder and try to meet the criterion

Question 20

Advantages of group contingencies

Answer 20

May save time as do not need to design multiple
programs
May be easier to implement that individualized
programs
May work quickly
Takes advantage of natural peer-to-peer influence
Group members may encourage “hero” or all
other peers
Group members may discontinue reinforcing
undesirable behavior of “hero” or all other peers
Peers may put too much pressure on the “hero” or other peers

Question 21

Disadvantages of group contingencies

Answer 21

If the “hero” does not earn the reward or if
some peers lose the reward for the group,
others may retaliate
Can be tricky to implement successfully
depending on the makeup of the group
May have other undesirable effects

Question 22

Guidelines for implementing group

contingencies

Answer 22

Choose powerful rewards
Determine the behavior to be strengthened or
weakened
Set appropriate performance criteria
Combine with other procedures when
appropriate
Select the most appropriate group
contingency
Monitor individual and group performance

Question 23

Can be used with independent, dependent,
or interdependent group contingencies;
Members cannot predict which group
members, target behaviors, settings, and/or
times on which the reward will be contingent;
Can be a powerful strategy for promoting
generalization and maintenance

Answer 23

Indiscriminable group contingency

Question 24

A system whereby participants earn
generalized condition reinforcers as an
immediate consequence for specific
behaviors

Answer 24

Token economy

Question 25

Components of token economies

Answer 25

What do we want the individual to do? What kind of “token”? What will help motivate the individual?

Question 26

Steps in designing a token economy

Answer 26

Select tokens Identify target behaviors Select back-up items that can be exchanged for tokens Establish the ratio of earning and exchanging Develop procedures Field testing and training

Question 27

When selecting tokens consider....

Answer 27

``` Consider: Client characteristics Safety of the token Difficulty to bootleg Durability Cost Ease of delivery ```

Question 28

Identifying target behaviors

Answer 28

``` Mostly behavior to accelerate; Observable; Measureable; Clearly defined; Criteria for earning token(s) ```

Question 29

Back-up reinforcers as MOs

Answer 29

Highly preferred back-up reinforcers function as an establishing operation for positive reinforcement They increase the effectiveness of tokens as reinforcement Non-preferred back-up reinforcers function as a abolishing operation

Question 30

ratio of earning

Answer 30

Approximately how often you will deliver | tokens for each behavior

Question 31

How many tokens are needed before they | can exchange tokens

Answer 31

Establish exchange ratio and system

Question 32

``` When to deliver tokens When to exchange tokens Plan for what happens when criteria are not met Data collection system ```

Answer 32

Develop procedures

Question 33

Covertly record when tokens would have | been delivered

Answer 33

Field testing

Question 34

Advantages of token economy systems

Answer 34

``` Powerful behavior change system Immediate delivery of reinforcement Does not interrupt task or activity Depth and individualization Facilitate money usage Facilitates data collection ```

Question 35

Disadvantages of token economy systems

Answer 35

``` Complex and cumbersome Staff intensive Requires constant monitoring May be unnatural or intrusive System eventually requires fading ```

Question 36

Phasing out token economy system

Answer 36

``` Always pair tokens with praise Gradually increase earning criteria Increase cost of items Switch to natural back-up reinforcers Fade out physical tokens Reduce amount of time in effect Use self-monitoring and level system ```

Question 37

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up or down throughout a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level

Answer 37

Level system

Question 38

Best to use level systems when

Answer 38

``` Multiple behavior change targets Behaviorally similar population Similar target environments Target population’s behavior is controlled, somewhat, by delayed or mediated contingencies ```

Question 39

Advantages of level systems

Answer 39

Simplifies staff training Provides systematic guidelines for decisions Can offset the individual differences that control decisions May be used to fade out a token economy program

Question 40

Disadvantages of level systems

Answer 40

Can become punitive Easily misused Relying on level system too much

Question 41

The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior

Answer 41

Self-management

Question 42

Self-management strategies

Answer 42

Identify target behavior Self-monitor Identify discriminative stimuli and establishing operations Arrange contingencies to support selfmanagement Identify immediate and delayed positive and negative consequences for engaging in the target behavior Get an accountability partner

Question 43

Self-management strategies for problem | behavior

Answer 43

Identify and display alternative responses that compete with and/or are incompatible with the target behavior Identify private and public precursors

Question 44

``` Providing prompts Performing the initial steps of a behavior chain Removing necessary items Restricting stimulus conditions ```

Answer 44

Ways to self-manage

Question 45

Advantages to self-management

Answer 45

Can lead to lasting change Skills may contribute to a more efficient classroom, workplace, or home Some people perform better under selfselected goals and standards One of the ultimate goals of education “feels good”

Question 46

A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior

Answer 46

Self-monitoring

Question 47

Recording when the target behavior occurs Data are collected as behavior occurs Need to make sure monitoring is accurate

Answer 47

How to self-monitor

Question 48

``` Self-selection and definition of the target behavior to be managed Self-observation and recording Specification of the procedures for changing the target behavior Implementation of the self-management strategy Evaluation of self-management program ```

Answer 48

Elements of teaching self-management

Question 49

Self-monitoring is likely to be more effective | if

Answer 49

The behavior is recorded immediately after it occurs Effective prompts cue the person to observe and record regularly Permanent product of the behavior or a record of its occurrence is made for evaluation