Unit 7: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(24 cards)
Cellular Respiration
A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy stored in fuel molecules into a chemical form that can readily be used by cells
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The universal energy currency for all cells
Glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose to make pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl-CoA is broken down and more carbon dioxide is released
Electron Carriers
Molecules that store and transfer energy in the form of “high-energy” or “excited” electrons
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron carriers donate their high-energy electrons to an electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain
Transfer electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins to a final electron acceptor and harness the energy of electrons to produce a large amount of ATP
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reactions used to store or release chemical energy
Electron Acceptor
Atoms that gain electrons
Oxidizing Agent
An atom that oxdizes another atom
Electron Donor
An atom that loses electrons
Reducing Agent
An atom that reduces another atom
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
A phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule which acts as a phosphate donor and yields only a small amount of the total ATP generated in cellular respiration
Intermembrane Space
The space between the inner and outer membranes in the mitochondria
Matrix
The space enclosed by the inner membrane in the mitochondria
Coenzyme Q
Accepts electrons from both complexes I and II
Cytochrome C
Interacts with complex IV
ATP Synthase
Drives the synthesis of ATP by means of an electrochemical gradient
Fermentation
Extracting energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+ in animals and bacteria
Ethanol Fermentation
Pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde, and electrons from NADH are transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+ in plants and fungi
Glycogen
A large branched chain of glucose molecules attached to a central protein found in animal cells
Starch
A large branched chain of glucose molecules found in plants
Beta Oxidation
Fatty acids that get shortened by a series of reactions that remove two carbon units from their ends that do not produce ATP but release NADH and FADH2 that provide high-energy electrons for ATP synthesis
