Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL1203 > UNIT 7 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION & ENERGY METABOLISM > Flashcards

UNIT 7 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION & ENERGY METABOLISM Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Catabolic process by which cells produce energy from glucose molecules (respiration using oxygen at a cellular level); electrons and H+ released from organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolic

A

Reaction of breaking up molecules and are exergonic (release energy); Breaking up ATP to ADP + phosphate to release energy to be used for anabolic reactions to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolic

A

Reaction of combining molecules and are endergonic (absorb energy); Regenerating ADP + phosphate to ATP which use energy provided by cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Use of energy in cells (5)

A
  • Metabolism
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Cell division
  • Action potentials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ATP

A

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down and captured in adenosine triphosphate and directly powers chemical reactions in cells via immediate useable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many ATP molecules per cell and how much does our body use

A

Billion ATP molecules per cell, each of which lasts 1 minute before being used. We use one half of our body weight in ATP everyday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ATP structure

A

Adenine base attached to ribose sugar with 3 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phosphoanhydride bonds

A

High energy bonds that link the phosphate groups in ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nutrients used to generate ATP (4)

A
  • Glucose (primary)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36 ADP + 36 P = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Locations of cellular respiration

A

Cytoplasm & mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electron levels/shells

A

Fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found. Higher electron shells = higher energy; so if electron moves from high electron shell to lower, they release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

Chemical reaction involving transfer of electrons between two species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons eg. NADH –> NAD+ (OIL = oxidation is loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons eg. NAD+ –> NADH (RIG = reduction is gain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A

Accepts high energy electrons and carry them to electron transport chain to make ATP and central to metabolism found in all living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Niacin (vitamin B3)

A

Precursor to NAD and can be converted into NAD in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Coenzyme that act as hydrogen and accompanying electron acceptors central to metabolism found in all living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

A

Precursor to FAD and can be converted into FAD in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NAD & FAD function

A

Act as electron carriers to transport electrons that are released during cellular respiration via redox reactions to a small “machine” to produce ATP from the energy of these electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation:

A

Process by which the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stages of cellular respiration (4)

A
  • Glycolysis (cytosol)
  • Pyruvic acid oxidation (mitochondria)
  • Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
  • Electron transport chain (mitochondrial inner membrane since mitochondria has two membranes )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Ivolves the use of two ATP molecules to phosphorylate glucose, resulting in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (intermediate in glycolytic pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Glycolysis
Operates without oxygen, using 2 ATP molecules in the energy investment phase to activate glucose to transform glucose into two pyretic acid
26
Results of glycolysis (remaining products)
2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH
27
Anaerobic respiration
Respiratory process where cells break down sugar molecules to produce energy WITHOUT oxygen; organisms can convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid (or ethanol in microorganisms/plants), and when oxygen is available again, lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid
28
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen to create energy from food
29
Pyruvic acid oxidation
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, loses a carboxyl group (producing CO2), and undergoes electron removal by NAD+, along with hydrogen. The resulting pyruvate transforms into an Acetyl group, joining with acetyl coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
30
Results of pyruvic acid oxidation (remaining products
2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA
31
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Acetyl group combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, releasing carbon as CO2. This cycle then transforms oxoloacetic acid back into oxaloacetate, producing NADH, FADH2, and one ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
32
Results of Krebs cycle (remaining products)
4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP; 1 glucose molecule yields 2 acetyl CoA so two cycles through Krebs cycle will occur for each glucose molecule
33
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cellular process that harness the reduction of oxygen to generate high energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP; consisting of 2 parts
34
2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation:
- Electron transport chain: produce electrochemical gradient by pumping hydrogen ions into intermembrane - Chemiosmosis: uses energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across membrane to produce ATP
35
Electron transport chain
Consists of a series of protein complexes linked together and embedded on inner mitochondrial membrane of cristae (folds) which electrons pass through via redox reactions
36
Protein complex of electron transport chain
Each protein complex in the chain has a higher attraction for electrons than the one before it
37
Flavin mononucleotides (FMN)
Cofactors that carry and transfer electrons in the electron transport chain (protein complex I)
38
NADH in electron transport chain
Passes a hydrogen to FMN (complex I) and yields 3 ATP
39
FADH2 in electron transport chain
Passes hydrogen to a protein complex further down the chain (complex II) and yields 2 ATP
40
Cytochromes
Makes up most of the protein complexes on the electron transport chain that contain an iron atom at core
41
Chemiosmosis:
Movement of ions across semipermeable membrane down electrochemical gradient (eg. Generation of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions across membrane during cellular respiration)
42
How much ATP is produced in cellular respiration total
38. However, sometimes it can be 36 due to transport of NADH from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix can lose 2 ATP
43
How much ATP produced in glycolysis
2 ATP
44
How much ATP produced in krebs cycle
2 ATP
45
How much ATP produced in electron transport
34 ATP
46
Oxygen significance
Has the strongest attraction for electrons in the electron transport chain and is the final electron acceptor so it combines the electrons with hydrogen ions from matrix and forms water
47
What would happen if oxygen was not present to finally accept the electrons
Without oxygen, the electron transport chain becomes overwhelmed leading to buildup of electrons. This means NADH and FADH2 cannot release their electrons and NAD+ and FAD won't be generated; only applies for reactions in mitochondria
48
Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration
Because aerobic respiration uses oxygen to create energy from food, whereas anaerobic respiration works without oxygen
49
Aerobic respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2830kJ
50
Anaerobic respiration formula
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210kJ
51
Energy metabolism
Combined process of energy storage and energy production from various nutrient sources (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
52
Energy storage in the human body (3)
- Glycogen: 4.2 calories/g, makes up 1% stored energy, can sustain energy needs for 1 day - Lipids: 9.5 calories/g, makes up 77% stored energy, can sustain energy needs for 2 months - Proteins: 4.3 calories/g, makes up 22% of stored energy, extensive breakdown (catabolism) of proteins are fatal
53
Glucose
Primary energy source for most tissues and yields ATP through cellular respiration
54
Metabolism
Refers to all the chemical processes that occur in the cell/organism and consists of 2 basic types; anabolic, catabolic
55
Anabolic reaction
Reactions involved in building more complex molecules and structures (generally requiring energy)
56
Catabolic reactions
Reactions involved in breaking down structures into simpler/smaller bits (generally release energy)
57
Distinct mechanisms to meet body's demands for energy (3)
- Absorptive state - Postabsorptive state - Starvation
58
Absorptive state
Between 0-3 hours, body is going through the process of ingesting and storing the last thing you ate. Body is breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fat into glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and metabolizes them for energy/stores for later
59
Postabsorptive state
Between 4-24 hours, Body switches to catabolic state where stored nutrients are put to use
60
Starvation
Between 24-72 hours, body is deprived of nourishment for an extended period of time and goes into survival mode
61
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, including sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides) and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates broken down into glucose which is oxidized to release energy stored in its bonds to produce ATP
62
When glucose is in excess (2)
- Glycogenolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvic acid - Glycogenesis: Converts polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
63
When glucose is at low levels (3)
- Glycogenolysis: Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers - Gluconeogenesis: Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (eg. glycerol) - Triglycerides broken down to glycerol and individual fatty acids via lipolysis
64
Triglycerides
Primary long term energy storage molecules
65
Fatty acids
Becomes a major source of ATP production in tissues when glucose levels are low and are broken down to acetyl-CoA via beta oxidation
66
Beta oxidation
Catabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA and enter Krebs cycle where ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced
67
Tissues that prefer fatty acids for ATP synthesis (3)
- Liver - Cardiac muscle - Resting skeletal muscle
68
What happens when nutrients are in excess
Then the excess of glucose, amino acids or lipids can be stored as triglycerides
69
Can the liver perform gluconeogenesis
Yes
70
Ketone bodies
Produced by the liver for energy when glucose is not available
71
3 types of ketone bodies (3)
- Acetoacetate - 3-hydroxybutyrate - Acetone
72
Significance of ketone body production
Important to minimize gluconeogenesis and save protein catabolism, they leave the liver and get transported to other tissues, then they get converted back to acetyl-CoA and used for energy
73
What happens to excess amino acids
They are deaminated (amino group removed) and converted to urea in liver
74
Urea
Waste product made when liver breaks down protein
75
Uses of carbon skeleton (3)
- Cellular respiration - Lipid production - Gluconeogenesis
76
Amino acid catabolism significance during fasting
Provides oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis
77
Uses of fatty acids (by muscle) and ketone body (by brain) resul
Minimize amino acid catabolism which is important for maintaining overall health and tissue integrity
78

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions