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BIOL1203 > UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

General functions of a circulatory system (3)

A
  • Deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • Remove waste materials
  • Distribute hormones
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2
Q

3 major systems of circulatory system

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

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3
Q

Blood

A

Fluid portion of circulatory system pumped by the heart throughout the body through blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). Humans have approximately 6L of blood and makes up 7-8% of body weight

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4
Q

Principle functions of blood (3):

A
  • Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  • Regulatory: pH, temperature, osmotic (water/salt) balance
  • Protection & defense: Phagocytosis, antibodies, clotting
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5
Q

2 major components of blood

A

55% Fluid (plasma) and 45% cellular

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6
Q

Plasma components (6)

A
  • Water
  • Ions (blood electrolytes); Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Bicarbonate
  • Plasma proteins; albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin (antibodies)
  • Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, vitamins
  • Respiratory gases; O2, CO2
  • Hormones
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7
Q

Plasma functions (5)

A
  • Carry cells of blood in circulation
  • Transport nutrients to tissues and carry away waste materials
  • Maintain acid-base balance of blood
  • Effect intracellular communication through transport of hormones
  • Defense functions through clotting and transport antibodies
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8
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein manufactured by the liver and serve as binding proteins and transport fatty acids/steroid hormones

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Produced by the liver essential for blood clotting

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10
Q

Globulin

A

3 subgroups (alpha, beta, gamma globulin). Alpha and beta transport iron, lipids, fat soluble vitamins and gamma globulin involved in immunity/antibodies

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Large molecule made up of proteins and irons consisting of 4 folded chains of protein called globin bound to reg pigment called Heme

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12
Q

Cellular components (3)

A
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Leukocyte (WBC)
  • Platelets
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13
Q

RBC (erythrocyte)

A

Transports O2 and some CO2, and aids in blood clotting. Makes up the largest portion of cellular component

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14
Q

RBC structure

A

A-nucleate, bi-concave disc packed with 280 million hemoglobin per cell and capable of transporting 4 oxygen molecules

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15
Q

How long does a RBC last

A

120 days

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16
Q

RBC production stimulus

A

Low oxygen supply stimulates the production of more erythrocyte(negative feedback loop)

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17
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone from the kidney that stimulates red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

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18
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in bone marrow

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19
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

An immature stem cell capable of giving rise to several different cell types found in bone marrow. Can differentiate into lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell

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20
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

Makes up 15% of cells in healthy bone marrow and matures into B cells or T cells (lymphocytes; WBC)

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21
Q

Myeloid stem cell

A

Matures into all blood cells except lymphoid cells, RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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22
Q

WBC (leukocyte)

A

Defense via phagocytosis and immunity. Less numerous than RBC and makes up 1% of total blood volume and consists of two basic types; granulocytes, agranulocytes

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23
Q

How long do WBC live

A

Typically only a few days. However, lymphocytes live for months or years

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24
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils

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25
Agranulocyte
Lymphocytes, monocytes
26
Neutrophils
Kill bacteria, fungi, foreign debris
27
Lymphocyte
Fight virus and make antibodies
28
Monocyte
Clean up damaged cells
29
Eosinophils
Kill parasites, cancer cells and involved in allergic response
30
Basophils
Involved in allergic response
31
Leukocyte proportion count (6)
- Neutrophils 60-70% - Lymphocytes 20-25% - Monocytes 3-8% - Eosinophils 2-4% - Basophils 0.5-1% = Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
32
Why is leukocyte count important
Each leukocyte has a definite purpose and seeing changes in specific types can help diagnose a problem
33
Leucocytosis
When the WBC count is greater than 10,000/ul which indicates an infectious process or cancer
34
Leucopenia
When the WBC count is less than 5,000/ul which indicates a severe disease (AIDS, bone marrow failure, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy)
35
Acute bacterial infections
Increase neutrophils
36
Chronic infections
Increase monocytes
37
Antigen/antibody or viral infections
Increases lymphocytes and monocytes
38
Allergic reactions
Increase eosinophils and basophils
39
Parasitic infestation
Increase eosinophils
40
Hemoglobin test
Blood is hemolysed (RBCs are broken up) and the intensity of the red color of the resultant fluid is compared to standard
41
Normal range of hemoglobin test
12-19g/100mL of blood
42
Centrifugation
A method to separate different components of blood
43
Hematocrit determination
Measures volume of RBC relative to total volume of blood (Volume of red blood cells (mm)/total sample volume (mm))
44
Normal values for hematocrit determination male and female:
- Males: 40-54% (average 47%) due to higher levels of testosterone that stimulate RBC formation - Females 38-46% (average 42%) due to lower levels of testosterone and menstrual blood loss
45
Anemia
Lower than normal values of RBC
46
Polycythemia
Higher than normal levels of RBC
47
Platelet
Forms blood clotting to limit blood loss
48
Megakaryocyte
Hematopoietic cells responsible for production of platelets
49
Thrombocytosis
Condition in which there are too many platelets
50
How viscous is blood compared to water
Blood is about 4-5 times more viscous than water
51
Cause of blood viscosity (2)
- Number of erythrocytes - Amount of albumins
52
Hemostasis
Reduction and stoppage of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel
53
3 mechanisms of hemostasis:
- Vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessel) - Platelet plug formation - Activation of blood clotting (coagulation)
54
Vascular spasm (3)
- First response of a damaged artery - Smooth muscle contraction in walls of blood vessel reduces blood flow prevents excessive blood loss until long term mechanisms take effect - Effective for up to 30 minutes to a few hours
55
Platelet plug formation (2)
- Platelets stick to collagen fibers on damaged vessel walls - Platelets activate and swell, extend projections and become sticky and release chemicals to cause other vascular spasms and make other platelets sticky
56
Blood consistency inside and outside body
Liquidy inside blood vessel but thick and gel like (blood clot) when removed from body
57
Serum
A clear yellowish fluid that remains after blood has clotted
58
2 types of clotting pathways:
- Extrinsic pathway - Intrinsic pathway
59
Extrinsic pathway (2)
- Inury to epithelial tissue (skin tissue), blood leaves the vessel = fast clot formation - Injury to the skin exposes tissue factor (thromboplastin) to the blood which converts plasma protein factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+ - Activated by tissue factor
60
Intrinsic pathway (4)
- Damage inside blood vessel and no blood leaves the blood vessel but exposes the connective tissue of blood vessel = slow clot formation (several min) - Platelets break down releasing Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) in blood - PF3 activates Factor XII a plasma protein - Factor XII converts Factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+ - Activated by blood factor
61
Prothrombin
Inactive enzyme in plasma. Serves as precursor for thrombin for blood clotting
62
Prothrombinase
Enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin
63
Thrombin
Main enzyme of blood clotting that converts fibrinogen into fibrin
64
Fibrinogen
Soluble clotting protein in plasma
65
Fibrin
Insoluble thread like protein that forms a net across wound and trap platelets and RBC to stop bleeding and creating environment for repair
66
Clot retraction
Shrinking of blood clot and edges of blood vessel walls slowly brought closer together for repair
67
Disorders of Hemostasis (3)
- Thrombus - Embolus - Haemophilia
68
Thrombus
Blood clot in an unbroken blood vessel formed from platelets adhering to sites of inflammation
69
Embolus
Any piece of cell debris carried by blood flow (eg. Air bubble, fat droplet, endothelium)
70
Haemophilia
Genetic deficiency of the production of clotting factor (cant form clots properly)
71
Anticoagulant
Chemical inhibitors of blood clotting (preventing blood clot)
72
Types of anticoagulants (5)
- Antithrombin - Heparin - Warfarin - Activated protein C (APC) - Prostacyclin
73
Antithrombin
Inactivates thrombin
74
Heparin
Inactivates thrombin
75
Warfarin
Interferes with action of vitamin K
76
Aspirin
Inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggression
77
What type of mechanism is blood clotting
Positive feedback. Stimulus is being intensified since once thrombin is formed, it stimulates the production of more thrombin and activates more platelets
78
Why doesn’t clotting spread (3)
- Clotting factors rapidly diluted in fast flowing blood - Inhibition of activated clotting factors - Once the clot is formed, the thrombin is bound to the fibrin it forms and inactivated by anti-thrombin and heparin
79
Thrombolytic agents
Substances that help dissolve blood clots once they form by activating plasminogen into plasmin
80
Plasmin
Enzyme that degrades fibrin
81
Plasminogen
Inactive form of plasmin that is incorporated into clots as it forms
82
Vitamin K (3)
- Required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors - Produced by large intestine bacteria and absorbed through lining of intestine - Stimulates liver to produce prothrombin more meaning more thrombin resulting in faster clot formation
83
Affects of vitamin K deficiency
Bruising and prolonged bleeding
84
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessel
85
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
86
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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