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BIOL1203 > UNIT 3 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM II > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM II Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Heart (4)

A
  • Located in thoracic cavity posterior to sternum
  • 2/3 of heart is left of midline of body, 1/3 to the right
  • Size of clenched fist
  • Divided into 4 chambers
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2
Q

Atria

A

Upper two chambers of the heart and thin walled because they only have to pump blood into ventricles

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3
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower two chambers of the heart and thick walled because it pumps blood a longer distance

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4
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to lungs; shorter distance, lower pressure, lower resistance

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5
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood to whole body; longer distance, higher pressure, more resistance

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6
Q

Septum

A

Separates the ventricles

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7
Q

Which side of the heart has greater pressures

A

Left

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart and flows in fast high pressure

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9
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to heart and flows in slow low pressure

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10
Q

Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessel that intermingles with cells and exchanges material

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11
Q

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

A

Major arteries that leave the heart

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12
Q

Aorta

A

Leaves the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to body

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13
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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14
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Collects blood from upper half of body and carries it to the right atrium

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15
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Collects blood from lower half of body and carries it to the right atrium

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16
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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17
Q

2 components of pericardium:

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal serous pericardium
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18
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that prevents overstretching and anchors heart

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19
Q

Parietal serous pericardium

A

Lines the fibrous pericardium

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20
Q

Visceral serous pericardium

A

Serosa layer covering entire surface of heart (epicardium)

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21
Q

Layers of the heart wall (3)

A
  • Epicardium (external)
  • Myocardium (middle)
  • Endocardium (inner)
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22
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost protective layer of the heart

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

Hard working, contracting, muscular layer of the heart

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer of epithelial tissue on layer of connective tissue that lines large blood vessels

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25
Pericardial cavity
Between epicardium and pericardium that contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction
26
How much of the heart is cardiac muscle
95%
27
Pulmonary circulation
Blood flow from heart to the lungs and back to the heart
28
Blood flow of pulmonary circulation
Right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs
29
Systematic circulation
Blood flow from heart to the head and body and back to the heart
30
Blood flow of systematic circulation
Left atrium --> left ventricle --> head/body
31
Double circulation
Concept of blood travels through two loops (pulmonary loop and systematic loop)
32
Heart valves
Flaps/cusps of fibrous connective tissue covered by endocardium functioning in preventing the backflow of blood in heart
33
4 types of heart valves:
- Bicuspid valve - Tricuspid valve - Aortic valve - Semilunar valve
34
Bicuspid valve
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle and has 2 flaps/cusps
35
Tricuspid valve
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle and has 3 flaps/cusps
36
Chordae tendinae
Cords of connective tissue that help anchor the flaps to the walls of the heart preventing valves from opening to prevent backflow of blood
37
Papillary muscle
Muscles within the cavity of the ventricles of hearts attached to walls
38
2 types of semilunar valves and functions
Aortic valve and pulmonary valve, functions to prevent the backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk and aorta into heart
39
Aortic valve
Located at the opening between left ventricle and aorta
40
Pulmonary valve
Located at the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
41
Atria contractions
Blood fills ventricles through atrioventricular valve
42
Ventricle contractions
Blood pumped into aorta and pulmonary trunk through semilunar valves
43
Coronary circulation (5)
- Heart muscle needs constant supply of nutrients and oxygen - 2 major arteries: left and right coronary arteries branch into smaller arteries that distribute blood to all parts of heart muscle - Left coronary artery supplies left atrium and left ventricle - Right coronary artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle - Coronary veins direct collected blood into a large vein = coronary sinus that gets emptied into right atrium
44
Autorhythmicity
Ability of all heart muscles to spontaneously contract
45
Is cardiac muscle self excitable? Explain
Cardiac muscle is self excitable because each cardiac muscle cell does not require its own nerve and are branched and linked to one another
46
Sino atrial node/pace maker
Generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract
47
4 basic components of conduction system of heartbeats:
- Sino-atrial node (SA) - Atrio-ventricular node (AV) - Atrio ventricular bundle - Purkinje fibers
48
Atrioventricular bundles
Connects AV node to ventricles and splits into right and left bundle branches
49
Purkinje fibers
Specialized cardiac cells that generate electrical impulses that cause ventricle to contract
50
Control of heartbeat (4)
- Pacemaker generates signal to contract and signal spreads to both atria - Both atria contract SIMULTANEOUSLY and sends signal from sino atrial node (SA) to stimulate atrioventricular node (AV) - Delayed signal (0.15) transferred from AV node through branches to apex of heart - Ventricle contraction starts at apex and spreads to rest of ventricle via purkinje fibers
51
Systole
Periods of contractions (ventricular ejection)
52
Diastole
Periods of relaxation (ventricular filling)
53
Cardiac cycle
Continual rhythmical contraction and retraction of the heart
54
Each single heart beat involves (2)
- Contraction and relaxation of both atria - Contraction and relaxation of both ventricles
55
When are heart sounds heard
When valves close
56
Cardiac cycle (5)
- Atrial & ventricular diastole (all 4 chambers relaxed) - Semilunar valves closed preventing backflow = DUBB - Atrial systole & ventricular diastole - Ventricular systole & atrial diastole - Ventricles contract and increased pressure forces AV valves closed = LUBB
57
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Detects heart's electrical activities
58
P wave
Atrial depolarization initiated by SA node
59
PR interval
Depolarization travels from SA node through AV node
60
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
61
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
62
QT interval
Duration it takes the heart muscle to contract and then recover
63
ST segment
The time between end of QRS complex and beginning of T wave
64
Mechanisms that control heart rate (3):
- Autonomic nervous system - Chemical regulation (hormones, ionic composition of blood) - Body temperature
65
Autonomic nervous system involvement
2 structure found in the medulla oblongata (base of brain) that can cause an increase/decrease in heart rate (eg. Changes in blood pressure, co2, o2 levels)
66
Hormones involvement
Chemical messenger produced by certain glands in body. Various hormones function to increase heart rate, not decrease (eg. Adrenalin, noradrenalin, thyoid hormones)
67
Ionic composition of blood involvement
Higher than normal levels of Na+ and K+ can cause decrease in heart rate, and increased Ca2+ levels result in increased heart rate
68
Body temperature involvement
Elevated body temperature results in increased heart rate and lower body temperature results in decreased heart rate
69
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart and flows in fast high pressure
70
Veins
Carry blood to heart and flows in slow low pressure
71
Artery structure (4)
- Thick layer of muscle - Thick layer of elastic connective tissue - Squamous endothelial cell line insides - Layer of smooth muscle
72
Vein structure (5)
- Thinner layer of muscle - Thinner layer of elastic connective tissue - Squamous endothelial cell lines insides - Layer of smooth muscle - Blood flow assisted by - contraction of skeletal muscle
73
Tunica interna
Inner layer of arteries and veins consisting of endothelium, connective tissue and elastic fibers
74
Tunica media
Middle layer of arteries and veins consisting of smooth muscles arranged in a circular fashion around blood vessel and elastic/collagen fibers
75
Tunica externa
Outer layer of arteries and veins consisting of connective tissue containing collagen
76
Capillaries
Site of exchange, comprised of many small vessels and thin walls. Blood flows very slowly with low pressure
77
Continuous capillaries
Connect arteries to veins
78
Capillaries structure (3)
- Thin blood vessel (cells pass single file) - Walls made of single layer of squamous epithelial cell - Capillaries leak and some plasma can leave the blood through gaps between epithelial cells to allow nutrients in blood to get to tissues
79
Blood pressure
The pressure exerted on the arterial walls due to contraction of ventricles typically measured at brachial artery. Blood pressure gets lower further away from the heart
80
Blood pressure readings
Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
81
Normal blood pressure
Male - 120/80, female - 7-10mmHg
82
Factors that impact blood pressure (5)
- Heart rate - Strength of contraction - Blood volume - Blood vessel resistance - Blood viscosity (thickness)
83
Pulse
Expansion and the elastic recoil of an artery that occurs when the ventricles contract
84
Where pulse can be felt (4)
- Radial artery - Common carotid artery - Temporal artery - Femoral artery
85
Aorta
Largest artery of body carrying oxygen rich blood from heart to circulatory system
86
Ascending aorta:
First part of the aorta that pumps blood through aortic arch into descending aorta
87
Descending aorta
Carries oxygen rich blood from heart through chest and abdomen
88
Thoracic aorta
Part of aorta located in thorax
89
Abdominal aorta
Largest artery in the abdominal cavity
90
Superior vena cava
Carries the deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs, head and neck
91
Inferior vena cava
Carries deoxygenated blood from lower and middle body into right atrium of heart
92
Hepatic vein
Carry venous blood from liver into inferior vena cava
93
Renal vein
Carry filtered blood from kidney into inferior vena cava
94
Iliac vein
Carry blood from lower limbs and pelvis

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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