Unit 7: Development

Question 1

Piaget’s Theory

Answer 1

development happens in stages:

1. sensorimotor: (0-2) see the world through senses
2. preoperational: (2-6) language; not able to use concrete logic
3. concrete operational: (7-11) able to think logically
4. formal operational: (12+) abstract concepts

Question 2

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 2

this is the prime way of learning where a person is guided just enough to be successful while learning on their own

Question 3

Vygotsky

Answer 3

• Social Learning Theory
• ZPD
• language shapes our thoughts

Question 4

scaffolding

Answer 4

demonstrating process while going through steps

Question 5

Erikson

Answer 5

believed that as we go through life there are stages that we reach:

1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs shame
3. initiative vs guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs confusion
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. integrity vs despair

Question 6

authoritative parenting

Answer 6

sensitive and demanding

Question 7

authoritarian

Answer 7

cold and demanding

Question 8

permissive

Answer 8

sensitive and relaxed

Question 9

uninvolved

Answer 9

stern and relaxed

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

taking info and processing it into our knowledge

Question 11

accomodation

Answer 11

changing a schema to fit new info

Question 12

Kohlberg’s story

Answer 12

should the man steal the medicine for his dying wife

Question 13

Harlow

Answer 13

monkey experiment with robot monkey and soft monkey

Question 14

relational aggression

Answer 14

demanding relationships or status

Question 15

androgyny

Answer 15

not clearly masculine or feminine

Question 16

habituation

Answer 16

decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the stimulus

Question 17

cognition

Answer 17

mental process involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension

Question 18

Theory of Mind

Answer 18

ability to attribute mental states to ourselves and others (predict behavior)

Question 19

attachment theory

Answer 19

children must develop at least one good relationship with a primary caregiver in order for development to occur correctly

Question 20

critical period

Answer 20

maturation stage: nervous system sensitive to environmental stimulus

Question 21

secure attachment

Answer 21

children show stress when a caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves

Question 22

insecure attachment

Answer 22

the child-caregiver bond is secured by fear

Question 23

Social Learning Theory

Answer 23

children learn behaviors by watching others

Question 24

social identity

Answer 24

sense of self based on group members

Question 25

perceptual set

Answer 25

predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

Question 26

context effect

Answer 26

describes influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus

Question 27

bottom up processing

Answer 27

perceptions that start with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until our minds form representation of object

Question 28

top down processing

Answer 28

perceptions begin with most general and go to most specific

Question 29

inattentional blindness

Answer 29

failing to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight (lack of attention)

Question 30

change blindness

Answer 30

fail to notice changes when brief visual disruption occurs

Question 31

transduction

Answer 31

transportation or transformation from one to another

Question 32

Weber's Law

Answer 32

change in stimulus will be just as noticeable as constant ratio of original stimulus

Question 33

extrasensory perception

Answer 33

perceiving things by means other than the known senses

Question 34

Gestalt

Answer 34

explain perceptions by looking at the entire picture rather than pieces

Question 35

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 35

a visual illusion with stationary lights

Question 36

subliminal

Answer 36

information presented just below conscious awareness; still able to reach the brain

Question 37

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 37

color perception is controlled by three systems

Question 38

Frequency Theory

Answer 38

pitch of a sound wave corresponds with the frequency to the auditory nerve

Question 39

Volley Principle

Answer 39

relates experience of pitch to the neurons in the basilar membrane

Question 40

four sensory experiences

Answer 40

hot, cold, pressure, pain

Question 41

nociceptors

Answer 41

sensory receptors for pain

Question 42

Gate-Control Theory

Answer 42

spine has a "gate" that either allows pain or blocks it

Question 43

gustatory transduction

Answer 43

for taste; taste buds within papillae

Question 44

olfactory transduction

Answer 44

for smell within the nasal cavity