Unit 7 Lesson 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a nation?
A
a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
2
Q
What is a nation-state
A
a sovereign state that has a permanent population, government, defined territory, and is internationally recognized.
3
Q
What is a need?
A
basic requirements for human survival such as food, water, shelter, health
4
Q
What is a want?
A
what people desire whether or not it is required to survive such as nice clothes or a fancy car.
5
Q
What are some common motives of a nation?
A
-Needs of their people
-Providing economic stability, peace and security, self-determination, and humanitarian activities.
6
Q
What is economic nationalism?
A
a set of practices to create, bolster, and protect national economies in the context of world markets.
7
Q
What is protectionism?
A
a policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors.
8
Q
What are some things instrumental to having economic stability?
Realting to jobs
A
high employment rate OR a low unemployment rate
9
Q
Why is having a high empolyment rate crucial to eocnomic stability?
A
allow the majority of people to have more money to spend on goods which, in turn, creates more demand and more jobs giving more people more money. (Diagram above)
10
Q
What is another crucial thing to seure economic stability?
A
good education system so that all required jobs can be filled.
11
Q
Why is peace and security important for a nation?
A
It is difficult for people to be productive when they are constantly in fear - allows poelple to go to school or work and be productive
12
Q
What protects peace and security in Canada?
A
Canada, because of the charter of rights and freedoms this is something that the government must provide
13
Q
Why does peace and security lead to cooperation between nations?
A
Nations want this same security and often try to work with others to ensure peaceful coexistence
14
Q
What is decolonization?
A
Decolonization once viewed as the formal process of handing over the instruments of government, is now recognized as a long-term process involving the bureaucratic, cultural, linguistic, and psychological divesting of colonial power
15
Q
What does decolonization result in?
A
Decolonization restores the Indigenous world view
Decolonization restores culture and traditional ways
Decolonization replaces Western interpretations of history with Indigenous perspectives of history
16
Q
What is self-determination?
A
determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own future political status
17
Q
What are humanitarian acts?
A
often involve people of a community working together to help each other. Often these communities are local but, as we have seen, communities can extend to much broader definitions.
This can involve fundraising and sheltering or protecting those in need.
18
Q
What is isolation?
A
When the country completely avoids interacting with the rest of the world.
For example, Japan before 1854 or The United States’ Glorious Isolation prior to the Great War.
19
Q
What is unlaterlism?
A
when a country responds to an event by themselves (uni = one)
20
Q
What is bilaterlism?
A
when 2 countries are motivated by the same issue and they both respond to it. For example the 1991 agreement between Canada and the US to reduce acid rain.
21
Q
What is multilaterlism?
A
involves several countries working together such as when “middle powers” (countries that have some say in things but aren’t superpowers – like Canada) work together to have a more powerful voice than they would alone.
22
Q
What is liberal internationlism?
A
Cluster of ideas derived from the belief that international progress is possible, where progress is defined as movement toward increasing levels of harmonious cooperation between political communities.
23
Q
What is revolutionary Internationlism?
A
The belief that conflicts within societies are determined by international factors and alliances
24
Q
What is hegemonic internationlism?
A
Theory that the world is being integrated based on unequal terms, with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others.
25
What is globalization?
is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
26
What is internationlism?
the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of their common good, sometimes as contrasted with nationalism, or devotion to the interests of a particular nation.
27
What is continentalism?
a term used to describe the theory of closer ties (eg, in the form of closer trade links, energy sharing or common water-use policies)
28
What is supranationlism?
Giving up some soverignty to work together - when countries agree to abide by the decisions of international organizations. An example would be the European Union because in order to join a nation must give up some of its decision making power in return.
29
What is NGO?
Non-Governmental Organizations are independent of governments and can be seen as two types, advocacy NGOs, which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs, which provide services.
30
What is an INGO?
International Non-Governmental organization extends the concept of a non-governmental organization to an international scope.
31
What is an IGO?
Intergovernmental Organization is an international organization composed primarily of sovereign states.
32
What is WHO?
- Founded in 1948 as a United Nations agency.
- Coordinates global health efforts, including disease information, nutrition, sanitation, population planning, and maternal and child health.
- Played a key role in eradicating smallpox, enhancing global security and peace of mind.
- Reports on and collaborates with nations on major health crises, like the Coronavirus Pandemic, and works toward solutions such as vaccines.
33
How does internationlism benefit nations?
In order to prevent catastrophic wars like those of the 20th Century, the world has come together in a multitude of various ways.
By doing this we have been able to promote the 4 things that many nations are motivated by:
Security & Peace
Economic Stability
Self-Determination
Humanitarianism
34
What is foregin policy?
general objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.
35
What are some influences of foregin policy?
People – community groups, ethnic groups, etc.
NGO’s
GO’s – our government, other governments
Experts – universities
Media
Business and industry
Others
36
How could foregin policy be influenced?
Powerful companies, Members of Parliament, and special interest groups (eg. oil companies) can strongly influence a government’s foreign policy.
37
Why are foregin policy goals important?
Only states with clear objectives, acting on strong domestic consensus, will be able to deploy significant influence and play an effective role in this new world
38
What are some foregin policy goals of canada?
- Preserve Canadian prosperity and security.
- Promote a just, inclusive, and sustainable world, emphasizing gender responsiveness.
- implement Canada’s Feminist Foreign Policy for equality in all spheres of life.
- Advance rights-based, open, and inclusive societies for global safety and prosperity.
- Align diplomatic, trade, security, and development programs with these goals.
39
Are domestic and foreign policies distinctly separate in a globalized world?
No, they are increasingly interconnected as global issues influence domestic policies.
40
Q: How can environmental issues abroad affect Canada?
A: Pollution in China, Amazon deforestation, and melting polar ice caps can impact Canadian air quality, climate, and biodiversity.
41
Q: What are some domestic impacts of international trade?
A: International trade influences labor, environmental policies, transportation, consumption, and use of national resources within Canada.
42
Q: How do international trade rules affect domestic policies?
A: They now impact labor, environmental, and other domestic policies, once solely controlled by individual states.
43
Q: How can international environmental obligations affect Canada?
They can have major implications for producers, consumers, and both federal and provincial governments in Canada.
44
How does domestic demand shape foreign policy in a global economy?
A: Domestic demand for fair, open trade increasingly drives foreign policy priorities focused on creating a better international environment for trade.
45
What is a challenge in balancing national and international interests?
Finding alignment between global environmental commitments and domestic economic priorities, as seen in differing Canadian approaches to the Kyoto Accord
46
How did the Liberal and Conservative approaches to the Kyoto Accord differ?
The Liberals agreed to Kyoto’s international environmental standards, while Harper’s Conservatives criticized it for being economically costly and created a domestic-focused alternative.
47
What was Harper's "Made-in-Canada" approach?
It was a strategy focused on protecting Canada’s environment specifically, emphasizing clean water, land, and energy for future generations over global commitments.
48
Why did Harper’s government cut funding for Kyoto regulations?
They argued that the economic costs of Kyoto regulations were too high for Canada.
49
What was the primary focus of the "Made-in-Canada" approach?
Ensuring a sustainable environment within Canada, prioritizing national resources and long-term ecological health.
50
What are some ways that we promote internationlism through foregin policy?
Peacekeeping
International Law
Foregin Aid
51
What is a powerful use of foreign policy?
To promote peace in other countries.
52
Should a country receiving aid adopt the values and policies of the country providing it?
This is debated, as it may lead to influence over the recipient country's cultural and political systems.
53
How can the effectiveness of each foreign aid initiative be measured?
By evaluating tangible outcomes, such as improvements in stability, health, education, and economic development in the recipient country.
54
How can we determine if foreign aid funds are used effectively?
Through transparency and accountability measures, tracking spending, and assessing long-term impact on the recipient community.
55
What is collective security?
The condition of protecting all members of a group or collective from danger.
The United Nations tries to ensure the collective security of all members
56
When did the Suez Crisis begin?
Oct 29, 1956
57
What triggered the Suez Crisis?
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, prompting Israeli forces to advance into Egypt.
58
Why was the Suez Canal so valuable?
It was a crucial waterway, controlling two-thirds of the oil supply for Europe.
59
Which countries joined Israel in the conflict?
France and Britain joined the Israeli forces.
60
What was the international impact of the Suez Crisis?
It nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict and strained the relationships between the United States and its European allies.
61
What was the outcome of the Suez Crisis?
Egypt emerged victorious, and British, French, and Israeli forces withdrew by early 1957.
62
Who proposed a peacekeeping solution during the Suez Crisis?
Canadian Foreign Minister Lester B. Pearson.
63
What did Lester B. Pearson suggest to resolve the Suez Crisis?
He proposed that the UN send peacekeepers from neutral countries to maintain peace in the area until the conflict was resolved.
64
Why was Pearson's peacekeeping idea significant?
It became a model for all future UN peacekeeping missions.
65
how many peacekeeping missions has Canada participated in?
Canada has been involved in over 50 peacekeeping missions worldwide.
66
What were some failures of the UN and peacekeeping?
Former Yugoslavia
- limited numbers & military power
- orders to avoid using force
- could not prevent genocide
Rwanda
- unable to seize weapons
- 800,000 Rwandans will killed
67
What are some peacekeeping Guidlines?
Consent – Peacekeepers must respect the sovereignty of the host country.
Impartiality – Peacekeepers must not take sides
Self-defense – only use force to defend themselves.
68
What is the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?
It interprets international law and helps resolve disputes between countries.
69
Do all countries follow the rulings of the ICJ?
Many countries adhere to ICJ rulings, but some choose not to accept them.
70
How did the United States respond to ICJ rulings in 1986?
The U.S. disavowed its involvement in aiding Nicaraguan rebels and has not participated in ICJ proceedings since.
71
What is another name for the International Court of Justice?
The World Court.
72
What are the "High Sea" rules regarding territorial waters?
Up to 370 km (200 nautical miles) from shore is considered the exclusive economic zone of a country, and the first 22 km (12 nautical miles) beyond the coast is its territorial sea.
73
Does Canada agree with the "High Sea" rules?
Not entirely; Canada challenges some aspects to protect its resources, especially around the Grand Banks.
74
Why is Canada concerned with protecting the Grand Banks?
The Grand Banks is one of the richest fishing grounds in the world, vital for Canada’s fishing industry.
75
What are exploratory wells?
They are test wells set up to assess potential locations for oil extraction.
76
How does global warming impact Arctic trade routes?
Less global sea ice allows for more potential year-round trading through the Arctic Circle, creating opportunities for increased revenue and strategic control.
77
Which countries are competing for control of the Arctic?
Canada, the United States, Norway, Denmark, and Russia.
78
What is the basis for these countries' claims to Arctic territory?
They base their claims on seabed extensions, which would extend their exclusive economic zones in the Arctic.
79
Why is control over the Arctic important?
Control grants access to potential trade routes, valuable natural resources, and strategic power in the region.
80
Q: When was the Arctic Council formally established?
A: In 1996.
81
Q: What is the primary purpose of the Arctic Council?
A: To promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic States, indigenous communities, and other inhabitants on common Arctic issues.
82
Q: What key issues does the Arctic Council focus on?
A: Sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.
83
Q: Who are the members of the Arctic Council?
A: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States.
84
Q: What is foreign aid?
A: The international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or organization for the benefit of a recipient country or its population.
85
Q: What types of foreign aid exist?
Economic aid, military aid, and emergency humanitarian aid (e.g., aid given after natural disasters).
86
Q: What are some common forms of foreign aid?
A: Money, medicine, and education.
87
Q: How can monetary aid be utilized?
A: For education, infrastructure development, equipment, tools, and other essential services.
88
Q: What does GNI stand for?
A: Gross National Index (or Gross National Income), which measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, both domestically and internationally.
89
Q: What is the 0.7% solution?
A: A recommendation by Lester B. Pearson suggesting that countries should allocate 0.7% of their GNI to foreign aid.
90
Q: Which countries consistently meet the 0.7% foreign aid target?
A: Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
91
Q: How much does Canada currently spend on foreign aid as a percentage of its GNI?
A: Canada spends 0.33% of its GNI on foreign aid.
92
Q: Is Canada's current foreign aid spending sufficient?
A: This is a matter of debate; opinions vary on whether 0.33% is enough or too much based on global needs and national priorities.
93
Q: What is a common criticism of foreign aid effectiveness?
A: Aid money often doesn't get used effectively, and it can be difficult to measure its impact.
94
Q: Why might recipients struggle to utilize foreign aid effectively?
A: People in recipient countries may not be properly trained to make use of the resources or services provided.
95
Q: What is "tied aid"?
A: Aid given with conditions that require the recipient country to purchase goods and services exclusively from the donor country or organization.
96
Q: What are the implications of tied aid?
A: It can limit the recipient country's ability to choose the most appropriate or cost-effective solutions, potentially undermining the effectiveness of the aid.
97
Q: Who were the key figures involved in drafting the Ottawa Treaty?
A: Jody Williams, head of a group of NGOs in the USA, and Lloyd Axworthy, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister.
98
Q: When was the Ottawa Treaty established?
1997
99
Q: What does the Ottawa Treaty ban?
A: The use of landmines and requires countries to contribute to the removal of existing landmines.
100
What is the global village?
describes the way the world has become interconnected and interdependent, much like a small community, due to advances in communication and technology
101
What is the digital divide?
uneven distribution in the access to, use of, or impact of Information and Communication Technologies between any number of distinct groups.
102
What may a group be defnied by?
| Relating to digital divide
based on social, geographical, or geopolitical criteria, or otherwise.
103
What is voluntary balkanization?
The separation of people into isolated and hostile groups.
104
Why do some people undergo voluntary balkanization?
Some people believe that the internet offers the ability to find people with similar values
This grouping (online communities) makes it harder for people to trust anyone with values different than their own.
105
How can technology be used to enhance people’s autonomy in a global village?
Technology provides access to information, education, and global connections, allowing people to gain skills, share ideas, and build self-sufficiency.
106
What are some specific ways that people gain empowerment through technology?
By accessing online education, growing businesses via e-commerce, and organizing social movements through social media.
107
Can you think of examples where access to technology alone wasn’t enough to empower individuals or communities? What factors were missing?
Yes, often in areas lacking digital literacy or support. For instance, some rural areas have internet but lack training to use it effectively.
108
In what ways might technology actually reduce autonomy or create dependence within a global village?
Over-reliance on tech can reduce traditional skills, and dependence on certain platforms can limit information freedom or privacy.
109
How can communities ensure that technology serves as a tool for empowerment rather than control?
By investing in digital literacy, advocating for user rights, and promoting open-source tools for greater control.
110
Can technology help preserve cultural diversity within a global village, or does it contribute to cultural homogenization?
It can do both; it amplifies marginalized voices but often prioritizes dominant cultures on global platforms.
111
What are some examples of people using technology to build resilience or self-sufficiency in a globalized world?
Farmers using weather apps, 3D printing in remote areas, and mobile banking in underserved communities.
112
How might education play a role in turning technology access into genuine empowerment?
Education equips people with skills to leverage tech effectively for job applications, online businesses, and informed decision-making.
113
What barriers exist that prevent people from using technology in an empowering way, and how might those barriers be overcome?
Barriers include cost, infrastructure, and digital literacy; these can be overcome with better funding, affordable devices, and training programs.
114
Q: What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?
A: It is the principle that the UN has a duty to intervene to protect people if their government or militant groups are violating their human rights.
115
Q: How does the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) challenge traditional international norms?
A: It relaxes the rule of non-interference in a country's internal affairs when human rights are at risk.
116
Q: What situations justify UN intervention under the Responsibility to Protect?
A: Situations where people are in danger due to actions by their own leaders or militant groups.
117
Q: What challenge did Kofi Annan address regarding the UN in 2003?
A: He reviewed the UN's goals and strategies to adapt to a constantly changing world.
118
Q: What debate exists regarding UN peacekeeping and peacemaking?
A: Not everyone agrees on their effectiveness.
119
Q: What did the IAEA report about Iran in 2003?
A: Iran had been secretly enriching uranium for 18 years.
120
Q: Why did Iran's uranium enrichment raise suspicions?
A: Enriched uranium can be used for both nuclear power and weapons, and Iran kept its program secret.
121
Q: What justification did Iran give for its uranium enrichment?
A: Iran claimed it was pursuing its national interest to generate nuclear power and demanded control without interference.
122
Q: What controversial statements did Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad make?
A: He called for Israel's destruction, denied the Holocaust, and threatened the United States.
123
Q: How did the UN Security Council respond to Iran’s refusal to stop its nuclear program?
A: It imposed sanctions on Iran.
124
Q: Why do some observers view Iran’s nuclear program as a major threat to world peace?
A: They believe Iran aims to develop nuclear weapons for use against Israel, the U.S., and other countries.
125
What is UNESCO?
UN educational, scientific, and cultural organization
126
What was UNESCO made for?
was developed to promote international cooperation in the fields to create respect for the shared values and dignity of every civilization and culture.
127
What is the common human heritage?
heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge (such as TEK - Traditional Ecological Knowledge), and the arts.
128
Q: What criteria are used to determine if something has outstanding value to humanity?
A: Creative genius, impact on architecture, or association with significant ideas and beliefs.
129
Q: How many World Heritage Sites are designated in Canada?
14
130
Q: Name three Canadian World Heritage Sites.
A: The historic district of Old Québec City, the Old Town of Lunenburg, and the Rideau Canal.
131
Q: What is significant about L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland and Labrador?
A: It contains the remains of a 1000-year-old Viking colony, believed to be the first European settlement in North America.
132
Q: What question arises about UNESCO’s ability to protect heritage sites?
A: Should UNESCO's declaration protect sites even if it interferes with a nation’s sovereign plans?
133
Q: What happened to the Bamiyan Buddhas in 2001?
A: Taliban leaders destroyed the ancient statues, claiming it was to protect Islam.
134
Q: What is the Preah Vihear, and why is it a source of conflict?
A: A 900-year-old Hindu temple and World Heritage Site shared by Thailand and Cambodia, which have disputed ownership.
135
Q: What is the trickle-down effect in international trade?
A: The idea that as developed nations grow richer, their wealth and demand for goods will benefit developing nations.
136
Q: Which organizations support the trickle-down effect?
A: The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the European Union (EU).
137
Q: How is the trickle-down effect supposed to benefit developing nations?
A: By increasing trade opportunities as developed nations buy more goods from developing nations.
138
Q: What is the main goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
A: To eliminate trade barriers worldwide to promote growth and development.
139
Q: What are common criticisms of the WTO?
A: It threatens national identity with its rulings and has excessive power to enforce decisions through economic sanctions.
140
Q: What is free trade?
A: The exchange of goods and services across international borders with minimal government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions.
141
Q: When did the European Union (EU) become an official supranational organization?
1991
142
Q: What are the primary goals of the European Union?
A: To promote peace, security, and create one of the largest free trade zones in the world.
143
Q: Why did the EU develop the Euro as a common currency?
A: To facilitate and strengthen free trade among member nations.
144
Q: Why do some people see the adoption of the Euro as a loss of sovereignty?
A: It requires countries to give up control of their national currency.
145
Q: Which EU members have refused to adopt the Euro?
A: Britain and Denmark.
146
Q: Why is a common EU constitution controversial?
A: It raises concerns about losing the ability to self-govern and make independent rules.
147
Q: Why do some cultural or language-based groups extend their reach beyond their nations?
A: To combine with others who share the same cultural or linguistic bond, strengthening their voice.
148
Q: What is the benefit of cultural or language-based groups extending beyond national borders?
A: It allows them to affirm and promote their values more effectively.
149
Q: What is La Francophonie?
A: A group of 88 member states and governments sharing French as a common language, with over 1 billion people across five continents.
150
Q: What is the main institution of La Francophonie?
A: The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
151
Q: Who are the primary focuses of La Francophonie’s initiatives?
A: Women, youth, and access to information and communication technologies.
152
Q: What are the four missions of La Francophonie?
Promote the French language, cultural and linguistic diversity.
Promote peace, democracy, and human rights.
Support education, training, higher education, and research.
Develop cooperation to support sustainable development.
153
Q: When was the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) founded?
1977
154
Q: Why was the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) established?
To develop a common response to the attacks on the Inuit way of life, environment, and human rights from industry, states, and other interests in the Arctic.
155
Q: Which regions are represented by members of the Inuit Circumpolar Council?
Canada: Nunavut, Inuvialuit (Northwest Territories), Nunavik (Northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut (Labrador)
Greenland: Kalaallit, Inughuit, and Tunumiit
Russia: Chukchi people and Siberian Yupik (Chukchi Peninsula)
United States: Iñupiat and Yupik (Alaska)
156
Q: When and where did representatives of the eight Arctic countries meet to discuss the Arctic environment?
A: In 1991, in Finland.
157
Q: What was the goal of the 1991 meeting in Finland?
A: To discuss strategies for protecting the fragile Arctic environment.
158
Q: Who led the movement to create the Arctic Council?
A: Mary Simon, Canada’s first ambassador for circumpolar affairs in 1994.
159
Q: What is significant about the Arctic Council’s membership?
A: It includes both representatives of Arctic Indigenous groups and the governments of the eight Arctic countries.
160
Q: What is predicted to result from the inclusion of non-state nations in the Arctic Council?
A: It may lead to a new era of cooperation and inspire other governmental organizations to broaden their focus similarly.
161
Q: What is NATO?
A: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries.
162
Q: What is the main principle behind NATO's defense system?
A: NATO operates on collective defense, where member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
163
Q: How did NATO operate after the 9/11 attacks?
A: Canada and other NATO members joined the U.S. in defending against threats due to their mutual defense agreement within NATO.
164
Q: What is NORAD?
A: NORAD stands for North American Aerospace Defense Command, a joint military command between Canada and the United States.
165
Q: When was the North American Air Defense Agreement (NORAD) established?
A: In 1957.
166
Q: What did the North American Air Defense Agreement do?
A: It placed the air forces of Canada and the United States under joint command for mutual defense.
167
Q: What does BIPOC stand for?
A: Black, Indigenous, People of Color.
168
What Are Some Contemporary Global Issues?
Racism
The Spread of Disease
Climate Change
Access to Water
Control Over Water
169
Q: What events have brought attention to the treatment of BIPOC populations?
Q: What events have brought attention to the treatment of BIPOC populations?
170
Q: What movement is central to the calls for justice in the United States regarding BIPOC treatment?
A: The Black Lives Matter movement.
171
Q: How are other countries, like Canada, responding to the BIPOC issues highlighted in the United States?
A: They are reevaluating their policing practices and the treatment of BIPOC populations.
172
What is WHO's job?
The World Health Organization
(WHO) works to prevent, contain, and cure the
outbreak of deadly diseases
173
Q: What are some key environmental concerns related to climate change?
A: Greenhouse gas emissions, disappearance of the rainforest, and melting of the Polar Ice Caps.
174
Q: When was the UN Environment Programme established?
1972
175
Q: What was the Kyoto Protocol?
A: A 1990s international agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
176
Q: What does measuring a country's ecological footprint assess?
A: It measures the environmental impact of a country's resource consumption and waste generation.
177
Q: What did countries agree to in the 1997 Kyoto Accord?
A: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020.
178
Q: Why did Canada announce it would not meet Kyoto targets?
A: It was estimated to cost the economy $51 billion.
179
Q: What is the Kyoto Protocol linked to?
A: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
180
Q: What is the major feature of the Kyoto Protocol?
A: It sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5% against 1990 levels for the period 2008–2012.
181
Q: Why have some countries resisted ratifying the Kyoto Protocol?
A: Due to conflicts with their own national interests and economic implications.
182
Q: What does "ratify" mean in the context of treaties?
A: To sign or give formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.
183
What is Greenpeace's mission?
To use non-violent creative action to pave the way for a greener, more peaceful world and confront systems threatening the environment.
184
Q: When and why was Greenpeace founded?
In 1971, founders set sail to an Arctic island to stop a nuclear bomb, sparking a movement.
185
How does Greenpeace maintain independence?
By not accepting funding from corporations or governments, staying accountable to the communities they serve.
186
What percentage of the world's fresh water does Canada have, and what percentage of the world's population does it represent?
A: Canada has 20% of the world's fresh water but only 0.5% of the world's population.
187
How many people lack adequate access to water?
Over 1 billion
188
How many children die annually due to inadequate access to water?
Over 2 million children.
189
What did the UN declare in 2002 regarding water?
Access to water was declared a fundamental human right.
190
Why did Canada oppose the UN declaration on access to water?
Canada's opposition stemmed from concerns about how the declaration might affect its control over water resources.
191
When ac ountry has control over its water what does this mean?
Can decide to sell water
Divert water for hydroelectric power
Decides on rules about dumping sewage into fresh water
192
Q: What is absolute poverty?
A: A condition of severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation, health, shelter, education, and information.
193
Q: What are the causes of poverty identified by OXFAM?
A: Lack of education, lack of access to resources (e.g., land), conflict and war, trade rules, and discrimination.
194
What does Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) translate to?
Doctors Without Borders.
195
What does MSF provide?
Medical assistance to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare.
196
Q: What principles guide MSF's actions?
A: Medical ethics, impartiality, independence, and neutrality.
197
Q: How is MSF structured?
A: It is a non-profit, self-governed, member-based organization.
198
Q: When and where was MSF founded?
A: In 1971, in Paris by journalists and doctors.
199
Q: How large is MSF today?
A: It is a worldwide movement of more than 67,000 people.
200
Q: What does UNICEF stand for?
United Childrens Fund
201
Q: How long has UNICEF been working to improve the lives of children?
over 70 years
202
Q: What rights and needs does UNICEF fight for?
A: Safe shelter, nutrition, protection from disaster and conflict, rights and equality, and education.
203
Q: What percentage of Canadians live below the poverty line?
11%
204
Q: What issue highlights poverty in Canada despite its wealth?
A: Increasing reliance on food banks to feed families.
205
Q: How does poverty contribute to disease?
A: Poor and malnourished individuals have weak immune systems, lack knowledge about disease prevention, and cannot afford medication.
206
Q: What were the impacts of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa in 2007?
A:
1.6 million died of AIDS.
22.5 million were living with HIV.
207
Q: Why is there a stigma around condom use in sub-Saharan Africa?
A: Many believe using condoms implies having HIV rather than wanting protection.
208
Q: How has COVID-19 affected global poverty?
A: It is forecasted to push 40-60 million people into extreme poverty.
209
Q: What factors contribute to rising poverty due to COVID-19?
A: Struggling economies, unemployment, and restricted access to resources.
210
Q: From where do countries often borrow money?
A: Private banks, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
211
Q: How can loans worsen conditions for citizens in borrowing countries?
A: Repaying loans and their interest deepens national debt, leaving fewer resources for public welfare.
212
Q: What is odious debt?
A: Debt incurred by a despotic power, not to meet the country's needs, but to strengthen the regime.
213
Q: What is a despotic regime?
A: A government where a single entity holds absolute power.
214
Q: What did Alexander Sack say about odious debt?
A: He stated that the people should not be required to repay debts incurred by a regime if the regime falls.
215
Q: Why was the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948) created?
A: It was created after the horrors of WWII to promote fundamental human rights.
216
Q: What are human rights?
A: Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, or other status, including the right to life, liberty, and freedom from slavery or torture.
217
Q: What must happen before the UN can take action on human rights issues?
A: All five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, Britain, and the US) must agree.
218
Q: What is the World Court / International Court of Justice (ICJ)?
A: It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal questions from UN organs and specialized agencies.
219
Q: What are the four main crimes over which the International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction?
A:
Genocide
Crimes Against Humanity
War Crimes
Crime of Aggression
220
Q: What led to the violence in Darfur, and what were the consequences?
In 2003, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and other rebel groups attacked government targets in Darfur, claiming that the Arab-dominated government favored Arabs over the Black population.
The Sudanese government has been accused of committing genocide, resulting in an estimated 200,000 deaths and the displacement of 2 million people.
Despite UN negotiations, the violence persisted.
221
Q: Why is international trade considered an effective way of addressing contemporary global issues?
International trade fosters interdependence between countries, making it less likely for them to go to war with one another.
Organizations like the WTO (World Trade Organization) support this view by promoting global trade and reducing trade barriers, which encourages peaceful economic cooperation.
222
Q: Why do some argue that free trade is not fair to the poor?
Critics argue that free trade benefits transnational corporations far more than the poor, as the global economic system often places them in direct competition with massive corporations.
These corporations, which account for two-thirds of the world's trade, have the resources to dominate markets, while the poor are left at a disadvantage without protections or barriers to competition.
223
Q: What is the Schengen Agreement, and what impact does it have on the European Union?
The Schengen Agreement (1985-1990) abolishes border controls between participating EU countries, allowing free movement.
Ireland and the UK are not part of it.
Reintroduced border controls can occur temporarily for security or public order reasons.
224
Q: What is the impact of the EU on nationalism?
Some citizens feel they’ve given up aspects of national culture for a European identity.
EU membership requires changes in:
Governance
Labor laws
Economics
Civil rights
225
Q: What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
The WTO promotes international trade by eliminating trade barriers.
Critics argue that free trade disadvantages poor countries by competing with transnational corporations controlling global trade.
226
Q: What is La Francophonie?
La Francophonie is a group of 88 member states that share French as a common language.
Its goals include:
Promoting French and cultural diversity
Supporting peace, democracy, and human rights
Advancing education, research, and sustainable development
227
Q: What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
The ICC handles cases of:
Genocide
Crimes against humanity
War crimes
Crime of aggression
228
Q: Why did Yugoslavia dissolve?
Tensions between different religions and cultures within the nation-state led to its breakdown.
229
Q: How did Slovenia join the European Union?
After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia held a referendum and, after internal conflict and a weakened international position, joined the EU for:
Protection
Cohesion
Open borders
Economic trade opportunities
230
Q: What challenges has immigration posed to the EU?
With open borders, entering one EU country grants access to all.
Issues include:
Dilution of European identity and nationalism
Threat of terrorism
Problems of tolerance arising from differences in dress, religious traditions, and cultural practices
Disproportionate numbers of Muslims in European jails
231
Q: What were the main issues driving Brexit?
Economics: Concerns about funding for other EU nations
Immigration: Free movement of EU citizens to the UK without work visas
Identity: The UK's sense of being British, not European
232
Q: What was the outcome of the Brexit referendum?
A:
Held on June 23, 2016
Leave won with 51.9% to 48.1%
Turnout: 71.8% (over 30 million voters)
233
Q: When did the UK officially leave the EU?
The UK left the EU on January 31, 2020, entering an 11-month transition period.
234
Q: What are the key policies promoted by internationalization?
Deregulation
Integration
Harmonization
235
Q: How has the international community impacted trade practices?
Broadened rules to make trade more equitable
Made trade practices more predictable and fair for all countries
236
How is the EU an example of internationalization?
The Euro promotes economic integration
Trade within the EU is facilitated by common rules
Identity is influenced by shared European values and policies
237
Q: What is the Assembly of First Nations (AFN)?
A: The AFN is a national advocacy organization representing First Nation citizens in Canada.
238
Q: How many people and communities are represented by the AFN?
A: The AFN represents more than 900,000 people in 634 First Nation communities across Canada.
239
Q: What groups are recognized as "Aboriginal" in the Constitution Act of 1982?
The three distinct groups are:
First Nations
Métis
Inuit
240
Q: What is the governance structure of First Nation communities?
A: Each of the 634 First Nation communities has its own First Nation government.
241
Q: What is NAFTA?
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) is an economic free trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, aimed at eliminating trade and investment barriers.
242
Q: When did NAFTA come into force?
A: NAFTA came into force on January 1, 1994.
243
Q: What are some disadvantages of NAFTA?
U.S. jobs were lost as industries moved to Mexico for cheaper labor.
U.S. wages were suppressed due to the threat of industries relocating.
Mexico's farmers were put out of business due to competition from cheap imports.
Maquiladora workers in Mexico were exploited with no labor rights or health protections.
Mexico's environment deteriorated due to increased use of fertilizers and chemicals.
244
Q: What is the USMCA?
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is the renegotiated version of NAFTA, which was agreed upon on September 30, 2018. It must be ratified by each country's legislature to go into effect.
