Unit 7: Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)

Question 1

Memory for the events in one’s life

Answer 1

Autobiographical memory

Question 2

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

Answer 2

Consolidation

Question 3

Memory for the events in ones life

Answer 3

Autobiographical memory

Question 4

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

Answer 4

Consolidation

Question 5

Principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory

Answer 5

Cue Overload Principle

Question 6

Principle that unusual events (in context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.

Answer 6

Distinctiveness

Question 7

Initial experience of perceiving and learning events

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

Hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace

Answer 8

Encoding specificity principle

Question 9

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace

Answer 9

Engrams

Question 10

Memory for events in a particular time and place

Answer 10

Episodic Memory

Question 11

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous and usually emotional event

Answer 11

Flashbulb memory

Question 12

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event

Answer 12

Memory traces

Question 13

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been a part of the original event

Answer 13

Misinformation effect

Question 14

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues

Answer 14

Mnemonic devices

Question 15

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas or associations that assists in remembering something. Ex: “Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain” Colors of the spectrum, Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

Answer 15

Mnemonic

Question 16

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

Answer 16

Recoding

Question 17

The process of accessing stored information

Answer 17

Retrieval

Question 18

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event

Answer 18

Retroactive interference

Question 19

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have

Answer 19

Semantic memory

Question 20

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

Answer 20

Storage

Question 21

Memory for an event that never actually occurred

Answer 21

False memories

Question 22

Memories implanted by experimental manipulation or other means

Answer 22

False memories

Question 23

Any member of a lineup other than the suspect

Answer 23

Foils

Question 24

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the original event and later memory test

Answer 24

Misinformation effect

Question 25

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study

Answer 25

Mock witness

Question 26

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator

Answer 26

Photo spreads

Question 27

The nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change which enhances its adaptability

Answer 27

Neuroplasticity

Question 28

The processes by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved

Answer 28

Memory

Question 29

The ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time and place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia.

Answer 29

Explicit Memory

Question 30

It is long-term memory that can be consciously recalled

Answer 30

Explicit Memory

Question 31

Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do, but not state clearly.

Answer 31

Implicit memory

Question 32

Memory of a previous event or experience that is produced indirectly, and without awareness that memory is involved

Answer 32

Implicit Memory

Question 33

Memory for general, factual and personal knowledge as well as memories of past events specific to an individual.

Answer 33

Episodic/Autobiographical Memory

Question 34

When a person engages in "mental time travel" and remembers that they were the one who lived the event

Answer 34

Episodic or Autobiographical Memory

Question 35

Which part of the brain plays a role in episodic memory formation and retrieval?

Answer 35

The hippocampus

Question 36

Factual or general knowledge that is shared and is irrespective of any individuals personal experiences

Answer 36

Semantic Memory

Question 37

Type of memory for perceptual and motor skills which is learned through practice and remains relatively stable

Answer 37

Procedural Memory

Question 38

This part of the brain is important for motor skills memories. It is used to recall a movement or how to perform some act or behavior

Answer 38

The Basal Ganglia

Question 39

Conditioned reflexes acquired through an associative learning protocol that involves the pairing of an aversive experience with a neutral event

Answer 39

Emotional responses

Question 40

Partial or total loss of memory

Answer 40

Amnesia

Question 41

The inability to form and recall events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to recall information from the past remains intact

Answer 41

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 42

The inability to recall memories or experiences that occurred prior to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease, while the ability to build new memories remains intact.

Answer 42

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 43

Memory that is also known as declarative memory

Answer 43

Explicit Memory

Question 44

Types of Explicit memory

Answer 44

Semantic and Episodic

Question 45

subjects demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling stimuli on prompting, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information

Answer 45

Unconscious memory

Question 46

Memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

Answer 46

Short-term memory

Question 47

Duration of this type of memory storage is 15-18 seconds without rehearsal

Answer 47

Short-term memory

Question 48

The more recent and accurate term to describe "short-term memory" as it includes our capacity to work with the information

Answer 48

Working memory

Question 49

What is the "Magical Number"?

Answer 49

Humans can hold 5-9 meaningful items in working memory. 7 +/-2

Question 50

The capacity of which type of memory increases as children age and decreases with advanced aging?

Answer 50

Short-term memory

Question 51

First stage of information processing

Answer 51

Encoding

Question 52

Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory

Answer 52

Encoding

Question 53

Using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

Answer 53

Chunking

Question 54

Using working memory processes to think about how new information relates to yourself or your prior knowledge (semantic information)

Answer 54

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 55

Provides deeper encoding of information for more successful long-term storage

Answer 55

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 56

Creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered

Answer 56

Enriching encoding: visual imagery

Question 57

Making information to be retained personally meaningful

Answer 57

Enriching encoding: self-referent encoding

Question 58

Describes the process of maintaining information for some time

Answer 58

Storage

Question 59

The process of localizing stored information and returning it to consciousness

Answer 59

Retrieval

Question 60

The third stage of information processing

Answer 60

Retrieval

Question 61

Which parts of the brain did Henry Gustav Molaison have removed?

Answer 61

Hippocampus, parahipocampal gyrus and amygdala were removed bilaterally

Question 62

The hypothesized physical trace - biophysical or biochemical is produced when information is stored in the brain

Answer 62

Memory trace (engram)

Question 63

Memory performance depends on the similarity between the information comprising a memory trace and the information available at recall

Answer 63

Encoding specificity principle

Question 64

long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same

Answer 64

State-dependent memory

Question 65

long term memory retrieval is most effective when a persons mood state at the time of encoding and retrieval is the same

Answer 65

Mood-dependent memory

Question 66

A type of long term memory involving conscious recollection of previous experiences with context of time, place and associated emotions

Answer 66

Episodic Memory

Question 67

Our general knowledge of facts of the world

Answer 67

Semantic memory

Question 68

The three stages of learning and memory process

Answer 68

Encoding Storage Retrieval