Unit 8: Language and Thought

Question 1

Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge

Answer 1

Audience Design

Question 2

Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation

Answer 2

Common ground

Question 3

Group to which a person belongs

Answer 3

Ingroup

Question 4

Words and expressions

Answer 4

Lexicon

Question 5

A tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions

Answer 5

Linguistic intergroup bias

Question 6

Group to which a person does not belong

Answer 6

Outgroup

Question 7

A stimulus presented to a person reminds them about other ideas associated with the stimulus

Answer 7

Priming

Question 8

The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts

Answer 8

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 9

A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description

Answer 9

Situation model

Question 10

The hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups

Answer 10

Social-brain hypothesis

Question 11

Networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel

Answer 11

Social Networks

Question 12

Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences

Answer 12

Syntax

Question 13

The bias to be affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor is arbitrary, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments away from that anchor

Answer 13

Anchoring

Question 14

The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings

Answer 14

Biases

Question 15

The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us

Answer 15

Bounded awareness

Question 16

The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves

Answer 16

Bounded ethicality

Question 17

Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations

Answer 17

Bounded rationality

Question 18

The systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others

Answer 18

Bounded self-interest

Question 19

The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than future ones

Answer 19

Bounded willpower

Question 20

The bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented, while holding the objective information constant

Answer 20

Framing

Question 21

Cognitive (or thinking) strategies that simplify decision making by using short-cuts

Answer 21

Heuristics

Question 22

The bias to have greater confidence in your judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment

Answer 22

Overconfident

Question 23

Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional

Answer 23

System 1

Question 24

Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical

Answer 24

System 2

Question 25

When did the Official Languages Act of Canada come into effect?

Answer 25

1969

Question 26

What did the Official Languages Act do?

Answer 26

Gave French and English equal status in Canada

Question 27

Smallest unit of speech sound that can convey a unique meaning but carries no meaning itself

Answer 27

Phoneme

Question 28

Smallest unit of meaning. A series of phonemes that has a special meaning

Answer 28

Morphemes

Question 29

Prefixes and suffixes that are bound to words

Answer 29

Bound Morpheme

Question 30

Free morpheme

Answer 30

"Water"

Question 31

Change the meaning of part of speech when they are bound together. Ex: "happy" and "ness"

Answer 31

Derivational

Question 32

Modify the tense of a verb, or the number value of a noun

Answer 32

Inflectional

Question 33

The meaning of words and word combinations

Answer 33

Semantics

Question 34

Derived from the Greek word "syntaxi"

Answer 34

Syntax

Question 35

Describes the set of rules that determine the arrangement of words in a sentence

Answer 35

Syntax

Question 36

Language conveys an infinite number of ideas based on different combinations of words or symbols

Answer 36

Generative

Question 37

Language can build upon itself without limits. We can put words, phrases, and sentences, inside of themselves without limits

Answer 37

Recursion

Question 38

Language can refer to things that are not directly present

Answer 38

Displacement

Question 39

Like other learned behaviors, Language develops through processes of reinforcement and shaping. This is a part of which theory?

Answer 39

Behaviorist Theory

Question 40

Progression through the language milestones occurs though shaping. Is an example of which theory?

Answer 40

Behaviorist Theory

Question 41

Language is an innate faculty is a part of which theory?

Answer 41

Nativist Theory

Question 42

"universal grammar" is the basis upon which all human languages build and is an inborn capacity is part of which theory?

Answer 42

Nativist Theory

Question 43

What is the first stage of Language Development?

Answer 43

Cooing (3-5 months)

Question 44

What is the second stage of Language Development?

Answer 44

Babbling (5-7 months)

Question 45

Cries, gurgles, grunts, breaths and laughs are a part of which language development stage?

Answer 45

Stage 1

Question 46

Intentional and deliberate vocalizations consisting of consonants and vowels but carrying no specific meaning are a part of which language development stage?

Answer 46

Stage 2

Question 47

What is the third stage of language development?

Answer 47

One-word utterance (12 months)

Question 48

Infants and 1 year olds using single words is a part of which language development stage?

Answer 48

Stage 3

Question 49

When a childs vocabulary grows and word are being put together and basic sentence building is a part of which language development stage?

Answer 49

Stage 4

Question 50

What is the fourth language development stage?

Answer 50

Two-Word utterance (18-24 months)

Question 51

What is the fifth stage of language development?

Answer 51

Sentence-Phase (2.5-3 years)

Question 52

By the end of the third year, children are forming complete sentences. This is a part of which language development stages?

Answer 52

Stage 5

Question 53

Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations

Answer 53

Bounded Rationality

Question 54

Bounded rationality is a huma decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice, rather than optimize