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Psych > Unit 8: Language and Thought > Flashcards

Unit 8: Language and Thought Flashcards

1
Q

Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge

A

Audience Design

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2
Q

Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation

A

Common ground

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3
Q

Group to which a person belongs

A

Ingroup

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4
Q

Words and expressions

A

Lexicon

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5
Q

A tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions

A

Linguistic intergroup bias

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6
Q

Group to which a person does not belong

A

Outgroup

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7
Q

A stimulus presented to a person reminds them about other ideas associated with the stimulus

A

Priming

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8
Q

The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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9
Q

A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description

A

Situation model

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10
Q

The hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups

A

Social-brain hypothesis

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11
Q

Networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel

A

Social Networks

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12
Q

Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences

A

Syntax

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13
Q

The bias to be affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor is arbitrary, and to insufficiently adjust our judgments away from that anchor

A

Anchoring

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14
Q

The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings

A

Biases

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15
Q

The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us

A

Bounded awareness

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16
Q

The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves

A

Bounded ethicality

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17
Q

Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations

A

Bounded rationality

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18
Q

The systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others

A

Bounded self-interest

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19
Q

The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than future ones

A

Bounded willpower

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20
Q

The bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented, while holding the objective information constant

A

Framing

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21
Q

Cognitive (or thinking) strategies that simplify decision making by using short-cuts

A

Heuristics

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22
Q

The bias to have greater confidence in your judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment

A

Overconfident

23
Q

Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional

A

System 1

24
Q

Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical

A

System 2

25
Q

When did the Official Languages Act of Canada come into effect?

A

1969

26
Q

What did the Official Languages Act do?

A

Gave French and English equal status in Canada

27
Q

Smallest unit of speech sound that can convey a unique meaning but carries no meaning itself

A

Phoneme

28
Q

Smallest unit of meaning. A series of phonemes that has a special meaning

A

Morphemes

29
Q

Prefixes and suffixes that are bound to words

A

Bound Morpheme

30
Q

Free morpheme

A

“Water”

31
Q

Change the meaning of part of speech when they are bound together. Ex: “happy” and “ness”

A

Derivational

32
Q

Modify the tense of a verb, or the number value of a noun

A

Inflectional

33
Q

The meaning of words and word combinations

A

Semantics

34
Q

Derived from the Greek word “syntaxi”

A

Syntax

35
Q

Describes the set of rules that determine the arrangement of words in a sentence

A

Syntax

36
Q

Language conveys an infinite number of ideas based on different combinations of words or symbols

A

Generative

37
Q

Language can build upon itself without limits. We can put words, phrases, and sentences, inside of themselves without limits

A

Recursion

38
Q

Language can refer to things that are not directly present

A

Displacement

39
Q

Like other learned behaviors, Language develops through processes of reinforcement and shaping. This is a part of which theory?

A

Behaviorist Theory

40
Q

Progression through the language milestones occurs though shaping. Is an example of which theory?

A

Behaviorist Theory

41
Q

Language is an innate faculty is a part of which theory?

A

Nativist Theory

42
Q

“universal grammar” is the basis upon which all human languages build and is an inborn capacity is part of which theory?

A

Nativist Theory

43
Q

What is the first stage of Language Development?

A

Cooing (3-5 months)

44
Q

What is the second stage of Language Development?

A

Babbling (5-7 months)

45
Q

Cries, gurgles, grunts, breaths and laughs are a part of which language development stage?

A

Stage 1

46
Q

Intentional and deliberate vocalizations consisting of consonants and vowels but carrying no specific meaning are a part of which language development stage?

A

Stage 2

47
Q

What is the third stage of language development?

A

One-word utterance (12 months)

48
Q

Infants and 1 year olds using single words is a part of which language development stage?

A

Stage 3

49
Q

When a childs vocabulary grows and word are being put together and basic sentence building is a part of which language development stage?

A

Stage 4

50
Q

What is the fourth language development stage?

A

Two-Word utterance (18-24 months)

51
Q

What is the fifth stage of language development?

A

Sentence-Phase (2.5-3 years)

52
Q

By the end of the third year, children are forming complete sentences. This is a part of which language development stages?

A

Stage 5

53
Q

Model of human behavior that suggests that humas try to make rational decisions but are bounded due to cognitive limitations

A

Bounded Rationality

54
Q

Bounded rationality is a huma decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice, rather than optimize

A

Psych (6 decks)

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