Unit 7: Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Activator

Answer 1

A regulatory protein that switches on a gene

Question 2

Adenine (A)

Answer 2

one of the DNA bases - a purine that consists of a 2-ring structure

Question 3

Anti-codon

Answer 3

complementary set of 3 nitrogen bases on the tRNA molecule which binds to the
codons on the mRNA strand

Question 4

Base Pair Rule

Answer 4

complementary base pairs: Adenine (A) always pairs to Thymine (T) and Guanine
(G) always pairs to Cytosine (C)

Question 5

Central dogma

Answer 5

DNA transcribed to make RNA, which is then used to make proteins.
(DNA -> RNA -> protein)

Question 6

Chargaff rule

Answer 6

the number of guanine (G) equals the number of cytosine (C); and the number of adenine (A) equals the number of thymine (T)

Question 7

Chromosomal alteration

Answer 7

mutations that change chromosome structure, and include deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, and translocation - they often result in the death of the organism

Question 8

Codon

Answer 8

bases combined in groups of three to form a code - each one coding for one amino acid

Question 9

Cytosine

Answer 9

one of the DNA bases - a pyrimidine that consists of a 1-ring structure

Question 10

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 10

DNA - nucleic acid that stores genetic in structions to make proteins -
codes for genes (traits)

Question 11

DNA polymerase

Answer 11

builder enzyme’ - enzyme that transcribes RNA from a DNA template

Question 12

DNA replication

Answer 12

process in which DNA is copied during the synthesis phase of the eukaryotic
cell cycle

Question 13

Double Helix

Answer 13

“spiral staircase’ structure of the DNA molecule

Question 14

Frameshift mutation

Answer 14

a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, insertions add nucleotides

Question 15

Gene expression

Answer 15

the process by which the information contained in a gene becomes a useful product (a protein); the result of coding information determined by DNA, includes what the organism looks like, and all of the tissue development such as protein building

Question 16

Genetic code

Answer 16

the sequence of nitrogen bases (A, C, G, U) in a mRNA chain

Question 17

Germline mutation

Answer 17

changes in DNA that occur in the gametes, can be transmitted to offsprin
and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation

Question 18

Guanine (G)

Answer 18

one of the DNA bases - a purine that consists of a 2-ring structure

Question 19

Helicase

Answer 19

enzyme that unwinds a segment of DNA during replication, separating the strands a forming a replication fork.

Question 20

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 20

complementary base pairs are held together with a hydrogen bond (the DN double helix ‘steps”)

Question 21

Lagging strand

Answer 21

the strand of replicated DNA that is built in segments called Okazaki fragment

Question 22

Leading strand

Answer 22

the strand of replicated DNA that is continuously assembled

Question 23

Ligase

Answer 23

‘gluer’ enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to form a continuous strand of DNA

Question 24

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 24

A gene that codes for a protein is transcribed into mRNA. This message is than translated (made) into a protein on the ribosome

Question 25

Mutagen

Answer 25

physical, chemical, or environmental factor that changes the genetic material

Question 26

Mutation

Answer 26

A change in the nucleotide sequence of bases in DNA or RNA

Question 27

Nitrogenous base

Answer 27

molecule that makes up a nucleotide - can be adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G)

Question 28

Nucleotides

Answer 28

molecule made of a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

Question 29

Okazaki fragments

Answer 29

segments of nucleotides that are added together to form the lagging strand in replicated DNA

Question 30

Point mutation

Answer 30

a change in a single nucleotide in DNA and is usually less serious - can be a silent mutation; missense mutation, or nonsense mutation (usually serious)

Question 31

Polypeptide chain

Answer 31

a protein made of a specific sequence of amino acids

Question 32

Primase

Answer 32

initializer enzyme' that creates a primer so the DNA polymerase knows where to start adding bases

Question 33

Promoter

Answer 33

where RNA polymerase binds to a region of the gene

Question 34

Protein synthesis

Answer 34

process where proteins are formed by bonding amino acids into long chains

Question 35

Purines

Answer 35

2-ring molecule that can be part of a nucleotide - adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines

Question 36

Pyrimidines

Answer 36

1-ring molecule that can be part of a nucleotide - thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are pyrimidines

Question 37

Reading frame

Answer 37

dividing the sequence of nucleotides into a set of three bases to form a codon

Question 38

Regulatory protein

Answer 38

proteins that either turn a gene on' or 'off'

Question 39

Replication fork

Answer 39

Y -shaped structure that forms during the process of DNA replication; the unseparated double stranded DNA represents the base of the Y; the separated single strands are the arms of the Y

Question 40

Repressor

Answer 40

a regulatory protein that turns a gene off

Question 41

Ribose

Answer 41

sugarfound in RNA (deoxyribose sugar is in DNA)

Question 42

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 42

helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are assembled

Question 43

RNA

Answer 43

ribon ucleic acid - involved in protein synthesis

Question 44

RNA polymerase

Answer 44

an enzyme that binds to a region of the gene called the promoter

Question 45

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 45

used X-ray diffraction in 1952 to understand the structure of DNA

Question 46

Semiconservative

Answer 46

one half of the old DNA strand is always kept in a new strand

Question 47

Somatic mutation

Answer 47

mutation that occurs in the body cells and may have little effect on the organism since they are confined to just one cell and it's daughter cells, these mutations do n pass to offspring

Question 48

Start codon

Answer 48

the codon AUG (the amino acid methionine) establishes the starting point of reading mRNA

Question 49

Stop codon (termination codon)

Answer 49

UAG, UGA, and UAA codons do not code for amino acids bu tells mRNA where to stop reading

Question 50

Thymine

Answer 50

one of the DNA bases - a pyrimidine that consists of a 1-ring structure

Question 51

Transcription

Answer 51

the process where a cell copies the information in a gene (in the DNA) to messenger RNA

Question 52

Transcription factor

Answer 52

proteins that play a central role in regulating transcription to help determin which genes are active in each cell of the body

Question 53

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 53

carries the amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined to form protein

Question 54

Translation

Answer 54

process where mRNA is decoded and amino acids are bonded together to form a protein

Question 55

Uracil

Answer 55

nitrogen base found in RNA (instead of thymine T) - pairs with A in RNA

Question 56

Watson and Crick

Answer 56

discovered the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, along with others who contributed