Unit 7: Psychoanalysis

Question 1

Fechner and the mind

Answer 1

Mind as iceberg
-> Consciousness as tip (1/10)
-> unconscious as rest (9/10)

Question 2

Breuer

Answer 2

Case of the hysterical girl
method: hypnosis

Question 3

Which concepts did Liebault and Bernheim come up with?

Answer 3

Post-hypnotic suggestion: ideas planted during hypnosis can influence behaviour
Post-hypnotic amnesia: patients tend to forget experiences during hypnosis
-> can return with enough motivation

Question 4

Therapeutic Nihilism

Answer 4

no therapeutic intervention
-> leave body to recover on its own or through diets

Question 5

Victorian mentality

Answer 5

animal dimension of human nature not accepted
severe conscience
double standards
women as innocent beings

Question 6

Discrepancies between Freud and Breuer

Answer 6

1. Freud displaces hypnosis with free association
2. Transference (Doctor-patient relationship)
3. Hysteria of sexual origin
4. Hysterics resist healing

Question 7

What did the studies on hysteria before psychoanalysis reveal and what was that knowledge the basis for?

Answer 7

existence of repressed unconscious motives
origin of motives of sexual nature
-> basis of psychoanalysis

Question 8

In how far did freud accept reductionist materialism?

Answer 8

behaviour should be explained scientifically

Question 9

Which foundations of psychoanalysis does the project for scientific psychology contain?

Answer 9

aim of mental functions: discharge nervous tension experienced as displeasure
division of mind into separate compartments

Question 10

Where do the repressed desires we discover in dreams have their origin?

Answer 10

in childhood

Question 11

The oedipus complex

Answer 11

development of sexual instinct during childhood

Question 12

Three essays on sexual theory

Answer 12

1905
three parts:
- sexual abberations
- infantile sexuality
- pubertal transformations
concept of libido

Question 13

What is infantile sexuality characterised by?

Answer 13

being egocentric and narcissistic

Question 14

How is behaviour often explained?

Answer 14

Eros (sexual/ life instinct)

Question 15

Stages of psychosexual development

Answer 15

oral: first year
anal: second year
phallic: 3-5, oedipus complex
dormant: 6-puberty
genital: puberty-death
first three stages autoerotic

Question 16

How is psychopathology described?

Answer 16

excessive deprivation or overgratification

Question 17

life insitincts

Answer 17

Eros
energy assciated
-> libido
perpetuate life

Question 18

death instincts

Answer 18

thanatos
death
try to end life
-> cause of aggression

Question 19

What is the purpose of instincts?

Answer 19

restoring previous state of affairs
-> free of tension

Question 20

How is the meaning of the unconscious reformulated because of the EGO and ID?

Answer 20

descriptive and dynamic

Question 21

What is the preconscious?

Answer 21

ideas are unconscious at the present but can easily access consciousness

Question 22

How do you divide the new system (active mental system)?

Answer 22

Ego
Id
Superego

Question 23

Id

Answer 23

original system
unconscious
home of pleasure principle and thanatos
-> expects immediate gratification

Question 24

Ego

Answer 24

grand executive of psyche
formed during first months of life
rational
governed by principle of reality
-> regulates instincts
develops defensive mechanisms

Question 25

Superego

Answer 25

moral dimension of personality incorporates norms into self

Question 26

Three types of anxiety

Answer 26

Objective: real threat Neurotic: ego feels pressured by ID -> difficult to control irrational tendencies Moral: sense of guilt and self-punishment -> enforced by superego

Question 27

What do defence mechanisms deal with and which aspects do they deal with?

Answer 27

neurotic and moral anxiety aspects: - unconscious - distort reality

Question 28

Defence mechanisms

Answer 28

Repression: keep disturbing thoughts from becoming conscious Denial: person refuses to experience overwhelming situation Projection: attributing own unacceptable thoughts to another person Displacement: satisfying impulse with substitute Regression: movement back in psychological time Sublimation: satisfying impulse with substitute in socially acceptable way

Question 29

What can we say about the data collection of psychonanalysis?

Answer 29

collected from patients and self-analysis not representative of population not experimental immeasurable

Question 30

What was psychonanalysis characterised by, making it impractical and unscientific?

Answer 30

Dogmatism Pansexualism (extremist stance of importance of sex) Self-fulfilling prophecy (data only found because it was explicitly looked for) long duration high cost limited effectiveness

Question 31

Some of the most important authors for Psychoanalysis

Answer 31

Leibniz Goethe Herbart Schopenhauer Nietzsche Fechner Darwin Brentano Von Hartmann

Question 32

Which 2 types of personality does Jung divide humans in?

Answer 32

Introversion Extroversion

Question 33

What are the psychological functions of Jung's personality types?

Answer 33

Thought Feeling Intuition Sensation

Question 34

What is the Ego for Jung?

Answer 34

The self -> consciousness of each individual

Question 35

Archetypes

Answer 35

predispositions of perceptual and emotional dimension Self: union of opposites, corresponds to need for transcendence Person: tendency to only show a part of the personality Anima: feminine dimension Animus: masculine dimension Shadow: repressed evil, not accepted in ourselves -> projected onto others

Question 36

What type of importance did jung make aware of?

Answer 36

Synchronicity -> fortuitous events changing our lives

Question 37

Why was Jung criticised?

Answer 37

Advocated religion -> unscientific Concept of archetype metaphysical Theories unclear and inconsistent

Question 38

According to Adler, what does sexuality serve?

Answer 38

elementary intentions of personal power -> overrides impulses

Question 39

Compensation

Answer 39

provokes auxillary construction -> establishes fiction transforming inferiority to superiority

Question 40

Inferiority complex

Answer 40

stems from succumbing to feeling of inferiority during childhood