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AP Euro > Unit 7 Test > Flashcards

Unit 7 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of the Crimean War

A

Russia’s ambition in the Black Sea Region; Two branches of Catholicism going against each other

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2
Q

Uniqueness of the Crimean War

A

The public was aware of what was going on in the war

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3
Q

Nations involved in the Crimean War

A

Russia vs. France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire

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4
Q

Facts about Florence Nightingale

A

Founder of modern nursing; took 30 nurses to field hospitals, reformed them; Lady with the Lamp

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5
Q

Effects of the Crimean War

A

Caused an era of Ottoman Reform, the Tanzimat; Treaty of Paris (1856); Russia forced to withdraw from Moldavia, Russian invincibility discredited; Concert of Europe discredited

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6
Q

Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance

A

Giuseppe Mazzini (The Heart/Soul), Giuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword), Count Camillo Cavour (The Head), Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont (The Magnet)

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7
Q

Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels

A

Impressed by Enlightenments; utilitarianism; Italy needed Frances help to unify; spread of Nationalism through Italy; Machiavellian

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8
Q

Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour

A

Utilitarianism; conservative; anti-Republican; in favor of constitutional monarchy; favored industry

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9
Q

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

A

Liberal reforms; Ottoman Constitution, short lasting parliamentary system, Sultan didn’t like it; Tanzimat

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10
Q

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

A

Pact of Plumbieres; agreed to provoke war with Austria, and pave way for Italian unification

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11
Q

Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian Nation

A

Austro-Prussian War in 1866; Prussia gives Venetia to Italy

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12
Q

Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification

A

The Magnet; led by Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour

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13
Q

Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy

A

Believed in strong industry; intervention from foreign powers; national societies

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14
Q

Facts about/significance/role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification

A

He united the southern half of Italy; eventually incorporated into the northern half to have a full unified Italian Nation; Expedition of the Thousand (1860)

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15
Q

The Birth of Italy as a Nation

A

Autumn of 1860; Constitutional Monarchy

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16
Q

Most important political development between 1848-1914

A

Unification of Germany

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17
Q

Facts about Otto van Bismarck

A

Prime minister under Wilhelm; Unification without Austria; Industry; Military; favored constitutional monarchy

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18
Q

Two strongest and rival states of the German Confederation

A

Austria and Prussia

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19
Q

Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist

A

“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of 1989-1948 - but by iron and blood.”

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20
Q

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism

A

Went around liberals to achieve unification

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21
Q

Causes of the Danish War of 1864

A

Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein; Treaty of Gastine, Schleswig to Prussia, Holstein to Austria

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22
Q

Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War

A

Austro-Prussian War; Prussia victorious; Bismarck achieves unification without Austria

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23
Q

Houses of the North German Confederation Govt.

A

Lower Branch: Reichstag; Federal Branch: Bundesrat

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24
Q

The Bad-Ems Telegram

A

Sent by Wilhelm I to Otto van Bismarck; Bismarck changed it to provoke war with France; Way to get Germany and south to unify

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25
Q

Facts about the Franco-Prussian War

A

1870-1871; Secured German unification in 1871; Unified north and south; Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III prisoner of war; France forced to pay cost of war

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26
Q

French rulers since 1789

A

Louis XVI, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III

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27
Q

Facts about the Paris Commune

A

New municipal government; March 28, 1871; Intended to administer Paris separate from rest of France; Dominated by Bourgeoisie

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28
Q

Impact of emergence of German Empire

A

Germany was now a superpower; Conservatism was a blow to liberalism

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29
Q

Facts about the Dreyfus Affair

A

December 22, 1894; Found Dreyfus guilty of passing secret info to German army; covering up the corrupt French military

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30
Q

Facts about the 19th century Habsburg Empire

A

Absolutist; Dynastically ruled; agricultural; Francis Joseph; military bureaucracy

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31
Q

The Ausgleich of 1867

A

Created Austria-Hungary; separate states, had same currency and common military

32
Q

Czech Trialism and opposition to it

A

Hungary; Germans in Bohemia and Moravia

33
Q

Reforms of Alexander II

A

Parliament in Russia; Assassinated before putting Duma in place; Westernized judicial system; 1860-1974: Went from 25 years of active duty to 6 years of active duty; Abolition of serfdom, caused impoverished peasants; Communes and Zemstvos

34
Q

Problems with serfdom in Russia

A

Armies; Domestic revolts; Economically inefficient; Viewed as immoral and unethical

35
Q

Impacts that emancipation had on Russian serfs

A

Pay 49 year mortgage; Marry freely; Right to sue; Economic rights; Buy and sell land

36
Q

Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI

A

Russification; Make them into a little Russia

37
Q

Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II

A

Populist formed by intellectuals; Took ideas from Alexander Herzen’s The Bell; Land and Freedom; People’s Will

38
Q

Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry

A

1868-1874; Witnessed culmination of classical British liberalism; 1870: Government controlled school

39
Q

Facts about Benjamin Disraeli

A

Conservative politician; Public Health Act of 1875 and Artisans Housing Act of 1875

40
Q

Ireland’s movement for home rule

A

Irish land league in late 1870’s; Leader for home rule was Charles Stuart Parnell; 1881: passed Irish land act that strengthened tenant rights

41
Q

Significance of new German Empire in Europe

A

Economic and Naval rival; Russian reforms; Austria weakened and seek reform; France isolated and weakened

42
Q

Bismarck’s goal for Germany

A

Maintain it as unified and strong, no expansion

43
Q

Facts about the Russo-Turkish War

A

1877

44
Q

Facts and Results of Congress of Berlin

A

Treaty of Sans-Stefano; Bismarck “honest broker”; Austria-Hungary gets Bosnia-Herzegovina; Russia lost 2/3 of land to Bulgaria

45
Q

Three Emperor’s League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente

A

T.E.L. - Russia and Austria; T.A. - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; Dual - Germany and Austria-Hungary; Entente Cordiale - France and Britain; Triple Entente - Russia, France and Britain

46
Q

Facts about Kaiser William II and his political goals

A

Young, hot headed, eager; dismissed Bismarck as chancellor

47
Q

The “Powder Keg of Europe”

A

Balkan Peninsula

48
Q

Factors that led to World War I

A

Secret alliance systems; Balkan wars; Young Turks take over Ottoman Empire; June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated

49
Q

Impact of Second Morocco Crisis

A

1911; Wilhelm II and Germany threaten France; strengthened alliance between France and Britain

50
Q

Facts and significance of assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

A

June 28, 1914; The Black Hand; Princip killed him; survived a bomb

51
Q

Responses from the Dual Alliance and Triple Entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand

A

Troop mobilization on the Eastern front between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany; Britain tries to stay out of war as long as possible

52
Q

1st country to mobilize against Russia

A

Austria

53
Q

The Schlieffen Plan

A

Germanys attempt to avoid a two front war; French first, then Russia

54
Q

Reasons Germany was blamed for the war

A

“Blank Check” to Austria; Declared war on France and Russia; Invaded Belgium

55
Q

Facts/Characteristics/Battles of the Western Front

A

Battle of the Marne; Battle of Verdun; Battle of the Somme; No man’s land; English channel; Trench warfare

56
Q

Weapons used during WWI

A

Machine gun, poison gas, tanks, submarines, planes, artillery, zeppelines

57
Q

New Entries into the war starting 1915 and the sides they joined

A

Italy and Japan join Allies in 1915; Romania shortly joins Allies in 1916; U.S. joins Allies in 1917

58
Q

Colonel T.E. Lawrence and his role during WWI

A

British general; Rallied support of Arabs; Caused trouble for Turkish

59
Q

Facts about the Battle of Gallipoli

A

Anzac: British, Australian and New Zealand forces; mastermind plan of Winston Churchill; plan was to take over Mediterranean and take out Ottoman Empire; attempt to get trade route with Russia through Black Sea; Allies lost

60
Q

Reasons for U.S. entry into war

A

Sinking of the Lusitania, killing 118 Americans; The Zimmerman Note; Russian revolution pulling Russia out of the war

61
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s view of WWI

A

Idealistic crusade “ to make the world safe for democracy “

62
Q

Causes of the March Revolution in Russia

A

Tsar Nicholas II collapsed; in November, Bolshevik party seized power from Provisional Government; result of monarchs inability to rule

63
Q

Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs

A

Tsar Nicholas II son had Hemophilia, Rasputin helped his son; gained influence with Tsar Nicholas’ wife

64
Q

Facts about the Bolsheviks

A

Working against provisional government; Leader was V.I. Lenin; Demanded all political power go to Soviets

65
Q

Description and significance of Soviets

A

Councils

66
Q

Actions of Bolsheviks after seizing power

A

Nationalized land and turned it over to peasant proprietors; Factory workers put in charge of plants; state seized banks; Took Russia out of WWI

67
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Russia yielded Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, and Ukraine; Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity

68
Q

Last German Offensive

A

Gamble everything for a last push on Paris before U.S. arrives; After defeat, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire withdraw from war

69
Q

Casualties of WWI

A

10,000,000 died, 20,000,000 wounded; 5,000,000 Allied troops died, 4,000,000 Central troops died, 1,000,000 civilians died

70
Q

Effects of the War

A

Tons of casualties; Austria-Hungary splits into a bunch of countries; Russia is the USSR; Ottoman Empire is gone; Tons of war debt from destruction; USA is new superpower; Communism is a new political force; Fascism counters it; WWII

71
Q

Results/Effects of the Treaty of Versailles and Severs regarding the Ottoman Empire

A

Wanted peace w/out victors;

72
Q

Facts about the Greco-Turkish war

A

Greeks wanted more land; Mustafa Kemal led Turks, defeated Greeks; Turkey becomes a country in 1923

73
Q

The “Big Four”

A

Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando

74
Q

Obstacles to peace faced by the Big Four

A

Publicity, everything was public; Woodrow Wilson, his ideals were unrealistic; Nationalism; The Victors, each victor wanted a ton of stuff; Bolshevism, growing fear of communism

75
Q

Key parts of WIlson’s Fourteen Points

A

Self-Determination, Open Diplomacy, Freedom of the Seas, Disarmament, League of Nations

AP Euro (4 decks)

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