Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
- Political leader who rules a country with absolute power usually by force
- Totalitarianism: a form of govt rule by one and by force/fear
- Citizens usually have no guaranteed rights
A
Dictator
2
Q
- Form of govt used by Italian dictator Mussolini called extreme nationalism in which the state comes first and individual liberty is second
- Favor military values, the use of violence, and a leader who is strong and ruthless
A
Fascism
3
Q
- Head of Italian Fascist Party
- Given power by the Italian king, he consolidated (pulled together) power over the govt and army within a few years
A
Benito Mussolini
4
Q
- Tyrannical dictator of the Soviet Union (USSR)
- His country joined the Allies in 1941 after a non-aggression pact with Germany was violated by a German invasion
A
Joseph Stalin
5
Q
- Form of Fascism
- Characterized by extreme nationalism, focus on racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State
- Full Name: The National Socialist German Workers Party –> Nazis
A
Nazism
6
Q
- Prime minister of Great Britain from 1940-1945
- Replaces Neville Chamberlain
- His steadfast refusal to consider surrender to Germany inspired the British to keep fighting
A
Winston Churchill
7
Q
- Originally designed to avoid American involvement in WWII by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict
- Later included the cash-carry provision that allowed the US to sell goods and arms to belligerent (warring) nations if they paid cash and carried the goods on their own ships
- Since the British navy controlled the seas, cash-and-carry in effect aided the Allies
A
Neutrality Acts
8
Q
- Approved by Congress in March 1941
- ## Allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms/supplies to nations considered “vital to the defense of the US”
A
Lend-Lease Act
9
Q
- Secret agreement by FDR & Churchill – joint declaration of war aims (1941)
- Discussed post-war aims/goals
- Agreements became the basis for the United Nations
A
Atlantic Charter
10
Q
- Prime Minister of Japan in WWII (led the military under the Emperor)
- Promised the Japanese govt that he would attempt to preserve peace with Americans
- After a US trade embargo began in 1941, he ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack on the US
A
Hideki Tojo
11
Q
- Worked with advertising agencies to advertise the war effort
- Job was the support the war and downplay other domestic issues
- Used the radio, print, and film industries to remind Americans we were fighting to save the world from dictatorships
A
Office of War Information (OWI)
12
Q
- Allowed Americans to both save money and invest in the war effort voluntarily
- Citizens bought the bonds and then received the value of the bond printed on it after 10 years of interest
A
War Bonds
13
Q
- Rationing of food created shortages
- Created in vacant lots and in citizens’ own backyards to make up for food shortages
- By 1943, 20 million gardens had been planted
A
Victory Garden
14
Q
- Germany, Italy, & Japan
- Comes from the Tripartite Pact which is a mutual defense treaty
- A nation declared war on one of the Axis Powers, the other Axis powers would defend their allies and join the war
A
Axis Powers
15
Q
- The “Big Three”: US, Great Britain, & Soviet Union (& France)
A
Allied Powers
16
Q
- The attempted genocide/killing of the Jewish people during WWII
- 6 million Jews were killed across Europe as well as 5 million other persons Hitler deemed “racially inferior”, among them, the mentally/physically disabled, gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals, and Jehovah Witnesses were killed
A
Holocaust
17
Q
- Series of trials in 1945-1946 in which former Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes (most were executed/imprisoned)
- First trial for crimes against humanity (certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread of systematic attack directed against any civilian population)
- Defense was “following orders”
A
Nuremberg Trials
18
Q
- Commander of US Naval Forces in the Pacific
- Sent aircraft carriers to Midway to prevent the Japanese capture of the island
- Led the Battle of Midway
A
Chester W. Nimitz
19
Q
- US victory and turning point in Pacific war
- Midway was a US naval base to the west of Hawaii
- When US forces move from one island to another using each as a base to capture the next
A
Battle of Midway
20
Q
- Used on the Pacific front
- Goal was to move the war closer to Japan
- When US forces move from one island to another using each as a base to capture the next
A
Island Hopping
21
Q
- Led the scientific aspect of the Manhattan Project from Los Alamos, NM
- He was remembered as the “Father of the Atomic Bomb”
A
J. Robert Oppenheimer
22
Q
- Atomic bombs dropped by the Enola Gay on Hiroshima/Nagasaki, Japan killed140k & 70k people respectively
- Thousands more died later from burns, injuries, and radiation exposure
- Truman felt that fewer American soldiers and Japanese would be killed by dropping the bomb than fighting “to the end”
A
Hiroshima/Nagasaki (1945)
23
Q
- The celebration of the SUrrender of Japan on August 15, 1945
A
V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day)
24
Q
- First American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941-1942
- Their mission was to defend China from Japanese forces
- Composed of volunteer pilots from the US’ Army Air Corps, Navy, & Marine Corps
A
Flying Tigers
25
- **African American fighter squadron who trained at the Tuskegee Flying School**
- **Mission was escorting bombers and protecting them from enemy fighter pilots**
- In more than 1,500 missions, they never lost a single bomber
Tuskegee Airmen
26
- **US military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, bringing the US into WWII**
- 2,403 Americans killed and 1,178 wounded, 21 Navy ships sunk or damaged, 300 aircraft severely damaged or destroyed
Pearl Harbor
27
- Signed and issued during WWII by President FDR on 2/14/1942
- After Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that Japanese Americans might commit acts of sabotage
- **Cleared the way for military commanders to require Japanese Americans to relocate to interior Internment camps away from Western coastal regions**
Executive Order 9066
28
- **Supreme Court ruling that the ordering of Japanese Americans into internment camps was constitutional**
- Ruling was that the internment camps did not violate people's rights because the restrictions were based on military necessity rather than race
- Shows racial prejudice because the same was not done to German or Italian Americans
Korematsu v. US
29
- **A war that uses any/all civilization-associated resources of society to fight the war and gives priority to the war over civilian needs**
- The fact that almost all resources and all people were involved from the nations fighting made WWII a total war
Total War Economy
30
- Campaign led by A. Philip Randolph & other American leaders
- **Stressed a need for victory against fascism abroad and a victory against discrimination at home
- FDR did pass executive order 8802 which ensured fair hiring practices in any job funded by govt money
Double V. Campaign
31
- **African American US Army officer who received the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism in action** on April 5-6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy
- He was awarded this medal "belatedly" in 1997 by President Bill Clinton
Army First Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker
32
- **Native Americans from the Navajo and Comanche tribes who used their own language to make a code for the US military that the Japanese couldn't decipher**
- Transmitted secret military info over radio
Navajo Code Talkers
33
- 'Bracero' was the term for Mexican migrant farmworkers
- During WWII, the US gave temporary visas to Mexican immigrants
- **The program was used to address the shortage of farm workers due to the war**
- Referred to as "legalized slavery"
Bracero Program
34
- **A series of international agreements that set rules for the proper conduct toward sick/wounded enemy soldiers/civilians who take care of them**
- This was done after the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human rights by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
Geneva Convention
35
- An Austrian-born German politician and the **leader of the Nazi Party**
- **He was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945 & dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934-1945**
Adolf Hitler
36
- **Practice of giving into aggression in order to avoid war**
- **Policy of giving in to satisfy the demands of a potential enemy**
- Britain and France hoped to achieve peace through compromise to avoid a war like WWI again
Appeasement
37
- **Meeting of British & French leaders with Hitler**
- **Britain & France agree to Germann's annexation of Sudetenland** which was given in return for Adolf Hitler's promise that it was his last territorial claim (it wasn't)
- Leader of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, claimed he had reached "Peace in our time"
Munich Pact
38
- **"Lightning war"**
- **A surprise attack devised by Hitler in which land-and-air attacks were coordinated**
- Hitler used fast-moving tanks called Panzers, with infantry transported by trucks, and dive-bombing planes that strafed soldiers and refugees
Blitzkrieg
39
- **1939-1945**
- Fought between the Axis & Allied Powers
- US joined in 1941; the US would fight a two-ocean war in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
- Ended in Allied Victory
World War II (WWII)
40
- **American general who commanded Allied army troops in the Pacific during WWII**. Struggled to hold the Phillippines in 1941
- Liberated the Phillippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo
Douglas MacArthur
41
- **Brutal march of American & Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers** in March 1942
- **60-mile march through he jungle where American prisoners faced starvation, disease, exposure to the sun, and no water**
- About 5000 Americans died by bayonet, shot, beheaded, or left to die on the side of the road
Bataan Death March
42
- **Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers** in March 1942
- 60-mile march throughout the jungle where American prisoners faced **starvation, disease, exposure to the sun, and no water**
- About 5,000 Americans died by bayonet, shot, beheading, or left to die on the side of the road
Bataan Death March
43
- **Allowed combatants to detect enemy aircraft before it can be seen visually
- **Ra**dio **d**etection **a**nd **r**anging
- Revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking was used by both the Allies and Axis Powers in WWII
Radar
44
- **Use of sound waves to detect enemy ships before they can be seen visually**
- **So**und **Na**vigation **R**anging
- Initial underwater research effort during WWI focused on anti-submarine warfare
Sonar
45
- **The codename for the US project to produce an atomic bomb**--a bomb with explosive power that comes from the energy suddenly released by splitting the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms
- Part of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) created under FDR
- Atomic bombs were used on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Manhattan Project
