Unit 8 Flashcards

Question

Martin Luther King

Answer 1

Nonviolent civil disobedience (marches, boycotts, peaceful protests) Designed to provoke violent response from whites & draw media attention to plight of blacks Elicit outrage from American public → put pressure on federal gov’t to intervene to protect rights of blacks

Answer 2

Formed by MLK Mobilized black ministers + churches to support civil rights movement Trained + tested AAs for ability to stay calm when provoked by whites → participate nonviolently in marches/sit-ins Encouraged African-Americans to register to vote

Answer 3

(1955); to protest Rosa Parks' arrest, MLK boycotted the bus system Encouraged people to walk, carpool, or use black taxi company (lasted 54 weeks) 1956 - SCOTUS ruled segregation on public buses unconstitutional

Answer 4

Black students sat at whites only lunch counter and refused to move Peaceful protest to call attention to injustice of segregated public places Deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas Led to establishment of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) to organize movement of sit-ins

Answer 5

200,000 blacks and whites took part in this peaceful march to push for Civil Rights Act 1964 I Have a Dream speech

Answer 6

Marchers were met w/ bearings + tear gas by the local police Videos of the violence and brutal treatment were broadcasted on television, causing national outrage Moved President Lyndon Johnson to send federal troops to protect participants in the march; showed increasing role of federal gov't in support of the civil rights movement

Answer 7

Ruled that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment’s guarantee of equal protection End of legal segregation → equal opportunity in education was the law Reversed Plessy v Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine which had allowed states to segregate public places since the facilities were “equal” Paved the way for other advances in the desegregation of housing, public accommodations, and institutions of higher education

Answer 8

Integration of nine black students into an all white school (Central High) Whites barred entrance to school; Arkansas Governor used National Guard support the blockade President Eisenhower mobilized fed troops to protect students (Executive Order 10730) The state fought this decision by temporary closing public schools + setting up private schools Massive resistance: Southern campaign to oppose ruling + prevent school desegregation KKK made a comeback and violence against blacks increased

Answer 9

Prohibited racial segregation in all public facilities (hotels + restaurants) End discrimination in employment on basis of race First legislative success for civil rights movement since Reconstruction ones were not enforced in South

Answer 10

Prohibited racial segregation in voting booth by outlawing literacy tests Authorized fed gov’t to monitor voting at elections In an effort to remove barriers for black voters Example of federal gov’t intervening directly to increase protections for black rights

Answer 11

Abolished practice of poll taxes; written in CONSTITUTION Had previously inhibited poor blacks from voting

Answer 12

Extension of Social Security act Provided low cost health insurance for the elderly (Medicare) and poor (Medicaid) Make healthcare more easily obtained and accessible to previously marginalized groups of people

Answer 13

Created a student loan system for people going to college FAFSA - federal form for financial aid; made university education more affordable for the poor Gave money for schools to expand and construct more buildings on campuses Helped more people go to college and get higher education

Answer 14

Ended quotas based on nationality (National Origins Act of 1924) Reduced the issue of discrimination based on nationality/ethnicity; provided them opportunity

Answer 15

- Medicare/Medicaid - Higher Education Act - Immigration Act - Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 16

Authorized president to use military force in Southeast Asia to protect American interests w/o formal declaration of war by Congress Johnson used Gulf of Tonkin incident to justify US military involvement in Vietnam

Answer 17

1. Vietnamization - removal of US troops; replace with South Vietnamese - continued to lend financial aid + munitions to carry out the war for themselves 2. Detente - easing of Cold War tensions among nations - US negotiated reduced armament treaties under Nixon, Ford, and Carter - paved the way for talks such as SALT I Nixon took advantage of tension between China and USSR; visited both countries 3. Visit to China - traveled to Beijing to meet with Mao (first time an American president visited China while in office) - initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to US recognition of their communist government 4. SALT I - negotiations between US and USSR to reduce manufacture of nuclear arms

Answer 18

Promoted participatory democracy + gov’t action Protested racial injustice and Vietnam War (didn't want to be drafted into military) What enabled them was college education during post WW2 prosperity Thus, these college students engaged in massive anti-war demonstrations

Answer 19

New Left = liberal, radical political movements New Right = traditional values, segregation

Answer 20

Public skepticism about LBJ’s administration's statements on Vietnam War; what he was saying did not match up with the clips they saw on TV Tet Offensive was a Viet Cong attack against South Vietnamese cities. Although this was an American military victory, it was a huge moral loss, as the destruction viewed by millions on the TV demoralized the public and contributed to public mistrust of the government

Answer 21

Secret government documents that revealed that gov’t policymakers had kept information about the Vietnam war from the public Had secretly enlarged the scope of its actions w/ coastal raids on North Vietnam and Marine Corps attacks — none of which were reported in the mainstream media Nixon tried to block New York Times from publishing the information, but Congress ruled that they have the constitutional right to publish

Answer 22

These tensions between communism and capitalism would escalate at the Potsdam Conference, when Truman insisted on free, democratic elections in Eastern Europe, but by then, Soviet troops had already occupied the region, with communists gained control of East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary The mutual distrust between the two global superpowers after WWII led to the Cold War Capitalism/democracy and communism were also two expanding ideologies who wanted to spread their ideas to the rest of the world

Answer 23

After WWII, power shifted from Europe to US and USSR, as they emerged a the two strongest superpowers Had built up their industrial capacity and military strength during WW2 US suffered the least bc low casualties and war wasn’t fought on mainland, so their industry and infrastructure remained intact. Their post war prosperity allowed them to provide $ aid to European countries

Answer 24

Created a highway network throughout the nation that allowed people to travel quickly from suburbs to urban areas

Answer 25

1. Reduced taxes - Reaganomics, tax cuts under President Bush - supply side economics: decreased taxes and federal spending → stimulate investment in private enterprises → increase in productivity + jobs 2. Deregulation of industries - advocated for free market capitalism (less government involvement in corporations/banks) - roll back regulations liberal administrations had put on big businesses - rejection of liberal Keynesian economics 3. Goal - shrink size and power of federal government - despite denouncing big government, its size actually expanded during Reagan's administration (national debt grew, money for social welfare was instead used for military growth and build up of nuclear/conventional weapons)

Answer 26

illegal break-in at the offices of the Democratic national headquarters and attempt to bug it by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff Congress began impeachment hearings for his participation in covering up the break-in (obstruction of justice), which caused Nixon to reveal transcripts of some of the Watergate tapes Resigned from his presidency Contributed to growing loss of public faith in the federal government

Answer 27

Resulted from desire to return to structure, tradition, and order Decrease in public trust in government - political scandals like Watergate (Nixon), Pentagon Papers (Nixon), credibility gap (LBJ) - convinced Americans that the previous administrations had deceived them about the Vietnam war Economic problems - stagflation (high unemployment, high inflation, high interest rates, stagnant economy) and oil embargoes Foreign policy failures - Iran Hostage Crisis Moral and religious conservatism - rise of the moral majority and religious Right - against liberation movements like black civil rights, feminism (especially Roe v Wade), gay, counterculture - felt like an attack against their traditional Christian values

Answer 28

1. Rejected detente by increasing defense spending - proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) which called for creation of a missile-defense system to block a nuclear attack 2. Bellicose rhetoric - used aggressive language such as calling the Soviet Union an Evil Empire

Answer 29

federal government increased its legal authority to spy on the American people (listen to phone conversations, hack email, etc) in the name of national security following the terrorist attacks in the US on 9/11 spurred debates over protection of civil liberties similar to Espionage Act during WWI

Unit 8 Flashcards

(53 cards)