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AP Biology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

how do organisms respond to the environment?

A

through behavioral and physiological mechanisms

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2
Q

stimulus

A

internal/external signal that causes response in organism

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3
Q

signaling behavior

A

communication can change the behavior of organisms and cause differences in reproductive success.

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4
Q

communication mechanisms

A

visual
audible
tactile
electrical
chemical signals

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5
Q

uses of communication mechanisms

A

indicate dominance
find food
establish territory
ensure reproductive success

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6
Q

innate behaviors

A

genetically controlled

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7
Q

learned behaviors

A

developed from exeriences

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8
Q

cooporative behaviors

A

Same species teamwork that inc fitness and survival of population.

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9
Q

examples of cooporative behaviors

A

aposemetism (discourage predation), scent markings by mammals

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10
Q

endotherms

A

use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures

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11
Q

endothermic mechanisms

A

change HR, fat storage, muscular contractions (shivering)

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12
Q

ectotherms

A

lack efficient internal mechanisms to regulate temp, so rely on behaviors

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13
Q

ectotherms mechanisms

A

moving in or out of the sun

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14
Q

there is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit of body mass and

A

size of multicellular organisms

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15
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy to be expended by an animal over a specific amount of time

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16
Q

net gain in energy

A

energy storage/growth

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17
Q

net loss in energy

A

loss in mass and possibly deat

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18
Q

the smaller the organism the ___ metabolic rate

A

higher

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19
Q

reproduction strategies in response to energy availability

A

producing a lot of offspring at once
- less energy effecient
-common in unstable environments
producing few offspring at once
- more energy effecient
- more common in stable environments

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20
Q

changes in energy resources and producer level can affect

A

number and size of trophic levels

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21
Q

trophic level

A

position an organism occupies on a food chain

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22
Q

food chain

A

shows ONE path of energy

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23
Q

food webs

A

shows many transfers of energy between trophic levels (everything is connected)

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24
Q

inefficiency limits and population size ____ as you go up trophic levels

A

decrease

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25
autotrophs
organisms that capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment, like the sun in photosynthesis
26
chemosynthetic organisms
capture energy from small inorganic molecules in the environment with or without oxygen
27
heterotrophs
capture energy present in carbon components produces by other organisms metabolize carbs, lipids, proteins as energy sources through hydrolysis
28
less food available =
less energy, low repro, offspring survival decrease
29
more food available =
reproduction increase population increase
30
factors that affect population growth
age at reproductive maturity number of offspring produces reproduction frequency offspring survivability
31
reproduction without constraints leads to
sharp increase in population growth
32
exponential growth occurs when
abundant resources + number of offspring in each generation incs
33
population density
how close individuals within a population live to each other
34
factor that affect population density
resource availability
35
abundance of food =
dense pop, high repro, limited space
36
density dependent factors
abiotic or biotic factors whose effect on the population depends on density ex: cometition for resources disease predation
37
density independent factors
abiotic or biotic factor that affect population size regardless of density ex: natural disasters
38
logistic growth model
describes population growth that initially starts slowly, immediately followed by exponential growth, and ends with relatively stable max growth S curve
39
carrrying capacity
max # of individuals an environment can sustain - density dependent and density independent factors can cause population ro reach carrying capacity
40
limiting factors will...
bring population size back down if it exceeds carrying capacity, fluctuations can naturally occur near carrying capacity.
41
ecosystem diversity is related to its ____ to changes in the environment
resilience
42
diversity may impact the...
organization of an ecosystem - env can be stabilized w more diversity and less vulnterability to drastic changes
43
abiotic factors
climate, water, nutrient availability, light availability
44
biotic factors
producers and dominant predators
45
producers
many pop depend on them and they reduce erosion
46
dominant predators
keep prey pop in control and have diversitfied diets
47
keystone species are disproportion relative to their ____
abundance
48
keystone species
species that community structure depends on, tend to have small population (over depletes resources)
49
when a keystone species is removed...
community COLLLAPSES
50
evolution is characterized by change in...
genetic makeup over time
51
adaptations...
inc biodiversity, causes pop to evolve, and can lead to speciation
52
invasive species affect
ecosystem dynamics, availability of resources, ecological changes
53
invasive species
not native to specific area and harms the community
54
invasive species exploit new niches
niche is free of predators or competitors outcompetes other organisms for resources population increases unchecked
55
human activity that accelerates change on local and global levels
urbanization, deforestation, erosion, extinction, pollution,climate change
56
things that accelerate evolution
repro isolation, new niches, change in selective advantage
57
biographical studies illustrate the changes in
species distribution and biomes
58
geological and meterological events...
caused 5 major extinctions
59
el nino
phenomenon of changing in temperature of pacific ocean, impacts microscopic organisms (cytoplankton
60
energy is lost from the system as
heat!
61
10 percent law
when organisms are consumed approximately 10 percent of their energy is available to the next trophic level.
62
limited energy leads organisms to
budget their energy~

AP Biology (12 decks)

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