Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > unit 7 part 2 (7.6-7.13) > Flashcards

unit 7 part 2 (7.6-7.13) Flashcards

1
Q

geographical evidence of evolution

A

characteristics of habitat or land area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

geological evidence of evolution

A

environmental features of the earth over time (ex: fossils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains, impressions, and traces of living organisms that document patterns of evolution and changes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

physical evidence of evolution

A

based on phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

biochemical evidence of evolution

A

based on the chemical composition of living things (comparison of biomolecules like DNA + proteins), comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences, protein sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mathematical evidence of evolution

A

based on calculations and statistics (models and stimulations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fossils can be dated by…

A

age of rocks where fossil is found, rate of decay of isotopes inc carbon-14, geographical data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

morphological homologies

A

represent modified traits shared among different species (homologous and vestigal structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

homologous structure

A

variation in a structure that was present in a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vestigial structure

A

reduced or obsolete features that serve little or no purpose for organism (remnants of ancestral feature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

analogous structure

A

evolved independently in different species due to similar environmental conditions and selective pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

common molecular features across species

A

DNA+RNA are carriers of DNA and have universal processes
Major part of genetic code is shared
metabolic pathways (glycolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

genetic info in euk

A

multiple linear chromosomes, tightly coiled DNA with histones, capped with telomeres, found in nucleus, large genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mechanisms of genetic change

A

changes in DNA (mutations), cell division (sexual reproduction, independent assortment, crossing over), environmental disruptions (sudden changes, allele frq changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

strata layers

A

arrange fossils in order they were deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bacteria species evolution

A

antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pathogens

A

infectious agent that can produce a disease and evolve to cause emergent genomes (have high mutation rates and inc diversity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

scientific theory

A

explanation backed up by scientific evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

scientific law

A

describes a natural phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

geological evidence

A

fossil record, biogeograpy, transitional forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

morphological evidence

A

homologous structures, vestigal structures, embryological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

biochemical evidence

A

conserved genes, conserved molecules, conserved processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

allen’s rule

A

warm blooded animal evolve to have smaller heat-losing appendages in cold conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

species

A

group capable of inbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
speciation
creation of new species, results in diversity of life forms
26
reproductive isolation
biological barriers that keep members of two species from interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
27
prezygotic barriers
prevent production of fertilized egg habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation,gamete isolation
28
habitat isolation
species occupy different habitats and rarely come into contact
29
temporal isolation
species breed in different times of day, seasons, or years
30
behavioral isolation
species have different courtship behaviors or mating preferences
31
mechanical isolation
reproductive structural differences prevent successful mating/reproduction
32
gamete isolation
sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
33
postzygotic barrier
prevent zygote from developing into viable, fertile offspring
34
hybrid inviability
mating results in zygote, but incompatibility may stop development of zygote
35
hybrid sterility
hybrid offspring is produced but sterile (ex: mule)
36
hybrid breakdown
1st gen are viable and fertile but resulting generations are feeble and sterile
37
allosteric specieation
evolution of a new species due to geographic isolation for a long period of time (separations exposes populations to different selective pressures)
38
sympatric speciation
evolution of a new species due to individuals being reproductively isolation from surviving ancestral population (no geo barrier, result in mutations (polyploidy)) can result in habitat differentiation and sexual selection
39
punctuated equilibrium
evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis, changes in ecological conditions are the stimulus for evolution
40
gradualism
evolution gradually occurs over many (100s-1000s) years. ecological conditions change over a long period of time
41
divergent evolution
adaptation to new habitats results in phenotypic diversification. speciation can be rapid during times of adaptive radiation as new habitats become available speciation, common ancestry, homologous structure, descent with modification
42
adaptive radiation
evolution of new species that allows empty ecological roles (niches) to be filled
43
microevolution
changes in allele frequency over time in a population
44
macroevolution
broad pattern of evolution above species level
45
phylogenic tree / cladogram
branched diagram that shows evolutionary relationships amongst species (can be by fossils or molecule clock)
46
what is shown in phylogenic trees + cladograms
SPECIATION, shared characteristics in lineage, derived characteristics, traits that are gained/lost, common ancestory
47
outgroup
represents lineage of least closely related organism, used as reference of comaprison that shows how main group fits into evolutionary tree of life
48
node
where two lines meet, common ancestor
49
root
represents common ancestor of all species on the tree
50
info used for phylogenic trees and cladograms
morphological similarities from living or fossil species OR DNA/protein sequence similarities (more accurate and reliable)
51
derived characteristic
evolutionary novelty unique to a group of organisms with a shared ancestor (clade) NOT present in outgroup
52
difference between phylogenic tree and cladogram`
phylogenic tree- shows relationships and time through the length of branches, shows convergent evolution cladogram- relationship but NOT time
53
convergent evolution
two organisms arise with similar adaption but don't have common ancestry. analogous structures (same in diff species because of similar selective pressures)
54
maximized parsimony
which ever explanation required the least amount of random mutations is probably correct
55
shared ancestral character
characteristic that originates in an ancestor, not unique to the clade
56
molecular clock
measuring time of evolutionary change based on observation of other genomes in the region
57
mutations happen at a
semi-regular rate, so we can calculate how long ago a species diverged
58
extinction
disappearance of a species, such that no future genarations will naturally populate the earth - part of the history of life, ongoing and can occur on small and large scale. a marker of geological time
59
possible causes of extinction
times of ecological stress, catostrophic events, decreases in species diversity, human activity
60
high biodiversity =
high speciation and low extinction... and vice versa
61
niches
role of an organism plays within its environment (ex: producer, decomposer, etc) extinction opens up niches, this can lead to speciation and adaptive radiation
62
genetically diverse populations are...
more resilient to environmental change adaptation variety inc chances a species can withstand pressures
63
example of population resilience
antibiotic resitance
64
origin of life geological evidence
age of the earth (4.6 bya), environment was too hostile for life until 3.9 bya, earliest fossil (3.5 bya)
65
models about origin of life on earth
primitive earth provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have synthesized presence of free energy and absence of significant quality of atmospheric O2 organic molecules possible transported by celestial event
66
what was probably the first genetic molecule
RNA
67
experiments show about the prehistoric earth's enviroment shows the
abiotic synthesis of macromolecules
68
homology
similarity from common ancestory
69
how old is the earth
4.6 bya
70
when was the first traces of life
3.5 bya
71
transitional forms
morphological structures that can be traced back to a common ancestor. overtime this form adapts to suit the species' environment
72
biogeography
where the fossils are found and what the environment is like in those places
73
steps of the first cells
1) synthesize organic molecules 2) monomers join to form macromolecules 3) protocells (self assembly) 4) RNA world hypothesis for genome and protein replication (ribozymes!)
74
domain bacteria and archae
single celled prokaryotes
75
three domain system
domain euk, domain arch, domain bacteria

AP Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions