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AP Biology > unit 1 & 2 =ap exam > Flashcards

unit 1 & 2 =ap exam Flashcards

1
Q

carbon

A

makes compounds organic, makes up all living things, very versatile as it can make up to 4 covalent bonds

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2
Q

proteins

A

contains R group, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
oriented as a polypeptide chain

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars (hexagon shape), has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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4
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate backbone
hexagon shape, has phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon

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5
Q

lipids

A

rows of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes phosphorus, NOT true polymer

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6
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

two monomers bind through loss of H2O molecule

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7
Q

hydration reaction

A

two monomers break apart through addition of H2O molecule

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8
Q

water

A

polar molecule (electronegative oxygen), universal solvant, easy cohesion

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9
Q

xylem

A

tubes in plant that transport water through capillary action

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10
Q

adhesion

A

substance’s ability to stick to other substances

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11
Q

cohesion

A

substance’s ability to stick to itself

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12
Q

surface tension

A

property allowing liquid to resist external force

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13
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat needed to heat 1 gram by 1 degree celcius

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14
Q

when water is frozen it is

A

less dense than liquid form because hydrogen bonds solidify

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15
Q

monsaccharides

A

sugar that is multiple of CH2O (glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose)

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16
Q

disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined together by hydration synthesis

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17
Q

polysachharide

A

multiple monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

a linkages

A

enzymes CAN hydrolize

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19
Q

b linkages

A

enzymes CANNOT hydrolize (ex: cellulose)

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20
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons

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21
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic lipids made of hydrogen and carbon (duh)

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22
Q

3 main types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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23
Q

fats

A

made of glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

ester linkage

A

bond between glycerol and fatty acids

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25
saturated fat
max hydrogen bonds
26
unsaturated fat
one or more double bonds
27
phospholipids
2 fatty acids and phosphate attached to a glycerol, have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
28
steroids
carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
29
peptide bonds
link amino acids
30
factors that affect conformation
pH, salt concentration, temperature
31
nitrogenous base bonding
C & G have 3 bonds A & T have 2 bonds
32
phosphodiester bonds
covalent bonds between nucliec acids
33
nucleus
surrounded by envelope, contains chromatin
34
nucleuolus
dense mass in nucleus, site of ribosomal synthesis
35
Ribosomes
location of protein synthesis, 2 subunits, can be free or studded
36
rough er
networks of cisternae (sacs and tubules), embedded with ribosomes, site of protein folding and modification, forms glycoproteins, transport vesicles break off
37
smooth er
lipid synthesis, drug/poison detox, stores calcium ions
38
golgi apparatus
UPS (ship and pack proteins), vesicles arrive at cis site and leave at trans
39
lysosomes
sacs of enzymes that digests things and recycles cell storage
40
vacuoles
membrane bound storage sac, different types (food, storage, contractile)
41
mitrochondria
site of cell respiration, has two membranes (partition cisternae and matrix) and own DNA
42
chloroplast
2 membranes and own DNA, stroma, thykloids, granum
43
cytoskeleton
mobility, support, and regulation components large to small: microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
44
extracellular matrix
surrounds cells, glycoproteins (collagen) form strong fibers
45
plasmodesmata`
pores in cell walls that connect cells and allow transport between them
46
surface area: volume ratio
measures cell effeciency, smaller = higher SA:V
47
phospholipid bilayer
amphipathetic (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
48
cholesterol
regulates cell membrane viscocity (colder temp= prevent hardening, warmer temp= prevent runniness)
49
peripheral proteins
on outside edge of membrane, hydrophilic
50
integral protein
embedded into membrane, hydrophobic regions, functions: cell to cell interactions, enzyme activity, STP, intercellular joining
51
cytoskeleton filaments
give structure and attach proteins
52
protein channel
allow large and polar molecules to pass through membrane
53
glycolipid
stability and aids in cell to cell communication
54
glycoprotein
adheres to outside of membrane, aids in cell to cell communications
55
water potential
number that helps us predict which way water will travel across membrane water always move from HIGH to LOW potential water moves where SOLUTES are
56
pressure potential
is 0 in an open container, can be + or -
57
solute potential
0 for pure water, calculated by solutes
58
osmosis
movement of water across semipermeable membrane, affected by concentration of substances
59
concentration gradient
high to low, if a molecule needs to move against it needs ATP or energy
60
diffusion
tendency for molecules to scatter evenly in available space
61
passive transport
diffusion and facilitated diffusion (channel and carrier)
62
simple diffusion
small, nonpolar molecules slip through phospholipid bilayer
63
channel protein
large and polar molecules move with concentration gradient through integral channel protein
64
carrier protein
large and polar molecules bind to carrier proteins which go through conformational change and release it into the cell membrane
65
active transport
energy and ATP used to force molecules against the gradient
66
exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to membrane and fuse to it, then eject contents out of the membrane
67
endocytosis
membrans envelopes contents and brings it into the cell as vesicle
68
prokaryotes
small, simple, unicellular, bacteria
69
eukaryotes
large, complex, multicellular, plants, animals, fungi, protists
70
ALL CELLS HAVE
membrane, ribosomes, genetic material and cytoplasm
71
compartmentalization
increase effeciency by increasing surface area
72
endosymbiosis
theory that mitrochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that were absorbed by other cells and then began to function and help cell.
73
evidence of endosymbiosis
mitrochondria and chloroplast size, double membranes, own DNA, binary fission, own ribosomes

AP Biology (12 decks)

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