Unit 8 Cellular regulation

Question 0

Hypertrophy

Answer 0

Increased cell size

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase number/density of cells (normal cell)

Metabolic demand, stress, hormones increase

Question 2

Metaplasia

Answer 2

Cell ends up in wrong place

Question 3

Dysplasia

Answer 3

Loss of DNA control

Changed appearance

Question 4

Anaplasia

Answer 4

Regression of differentiation
No DNA control
Destructive conditions

Question 5

Cancer cell facts

Answer 5

Abnormally regulated Cellular division
No apoptosis 
No "normal" shapes
Larger nucleus 
Don't adhere 
Can migrate
Invasive
Aneuploid (+/- chromosomes)

Question 6

Normal cell facts

Answer 6

Regulated Cellular division
Apoptosis
"Normal" sizes
Small nucleus
Differentiated
Adhere together
No migration
Can die when touched

Question 7

In situ

Answer 7

“Staying in one place”

Question 8

Benign tumor

Answer 8

Moles/skin tags
Rare
Rarely reoccurrence
Slow growth
Expands to boundaries

Question 9

Malignant tumor

Answer 9

Metastatic
Infiltrates
More different than parent
More vascular

Question 10

Initiation

Answer 10

First cellular damage that’s irreversible

Question 11

Promotion

Answer 11

Can last for years

Depends on duration of exposure

Question 12

Progression

Answer 12

Growth past 1 cm is considered cancer. No longer a tumor

Question 13

Oncogenes

Answer 13

Mutations of normal genes

Formed from proto-oncogenes

Question 14

Cancer premises

Answer 14

Either dis functioning tumor suppresser gene or stronger cancer causing agent
Bad defense or good offense

Question 15

Diagnostic tests

Answer 15

X ray
Ultrasound for dense tissues
MRI
Biopsy
Aspirated fluids 
Blood work
Oscopy for visualization

Question 16

Anatomic Cancer classes

Answer 16

Sarcoma- connective, muscle, bone
Myeloma-plasma
Leukemia- begin in marrow, spleen, and lymph
Carcinoma- begin in organ linings
Lymphoma- lymph system

Question 17

Histological cancer classes

Answer 17

Grade 1- well differentiated (pretty similar to parent)
2- moderately differentiated
3- poor
4- undifferentiated

Question 18

TNM Cancer classes

Answer 18

Tumor, node, metastasis (memorize all levels)

Question 19

Caution cancer

Answer 19

Change in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening of lump
Indigestion or dysphasia 
Obvious skin change
Nagging cough

Question 20

CHILD CANCER

Answer 20

Continued weight loss
Headache
Increased swelling/pains
Lumps
Development of bleeding/ bruising

Constant infection
A white spot behind pupils
Nausea
Constantly tired
Eye/vision change
Recurrent infections

Question 21

Teletherapy

Answer 21

External radiation very specifically aimed
Skin marked, don’t scrub, ONLY WATER, no heat/cold
Same position and have cast, hats
BURNS

Question 22

Brachytherapy

Answer 22

Permanent or temp
Rod Implanted into cavity
Private room with isolation
Proper disposal

Question 23

Teletherapy proc

Answer 23

15-30 min
5 days a week
Skin care
HGB, PLT, WBC

Question 24

BRM

Answer 24

Not as common | Man made stuff to stimulate own immune system

Question 25

Alkylating agents

Answer 25

``` Broad spectrum and frequently used Binds DNA preventing replication Keep PT hydrated 2-3 L infection monitoring Monitor IV/IO ```

Question 26

Alkylating agents s/e

Answer 26

``` Immunosupressed Thrombocytopenia Generals Necrosis Hemorrhagic cystitis Dsyurea, hemourea ```

Question 27

General s/e

Answer 27

``` NVD Anorexia Hair loss Rash Photosensitive Darkening skin ```

Question 28

Cytoxan

Answer 28

Oral IV (cyclophosphamide) Aspirin, thiazides, warfarin

Question 29

Antimetabolites

Answer 29

5FU Binds like a nutrient Mucus membrane assessment IV site monitoring with constant blood return check

Question 30

5FU s/e

Answer 30

``` Bruising, low PLT Generals Marrow depression even 8 days post treatment Stomatitis early toxicity symptom Extravization ```

Question 31

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) s/e

Answer 31

``` Cardio toxic (within minutes) Red urine Rythmias Lowers RBC Secondary malignancy 1-3 years ```

Question 32

Adriamycin

Answer 32

Antibiotic EKG/echo monitoring (35 min)

Question 33

Vincristine (Oncovin)

Answer 33

Hod and nh lymphoma | Herbal supplemets/ nutrition/ meds

Question 34

Oncovin

Answer 34

``` Neuro Pain Reflexes Paralytic ileus Constipation Marrow depression Vesicant ```

Question 35

Nolvadex (tomaxifen)

Answer 35

``` Hormones block estrogen to cancer (breast cancer) Tumor gets bigger then smaller Less side effects PO with food No antacids or crushing Can be used prophylactic ```

Question 36

Tamoxifen s/e

Answer 36

``` Endometrial cancer Strokes Embolism Hot flashes Vaginally discharge Fluid retention ```

Question 37

Neutropenia parameters

Answer 37

No chemo: < 500 | Chemo: < 1000

Question 38

Alopecia

Answer 38

Should end 2 months after treatment | Return but maybe not the same

Question 39

Brachytherapy procedure

Answer 39

``` Perm or short term Wear full gear Isolation Only stay short time (family too) No pregnant people around If falls out, special device to pick up and stored, team called to get ```

Question 40

Chemo indications

Answer 40

Cure Palliative Prophylaxis Usually with surgery and/or radiation

Question 41

Antimetabolites treat

Answer 41

Lady and GI | Breast, cervix, colon, liver, stomach, panc, rect

Question 42

Nursing and chemo

Answer 42

Not all nurses can give | Must have blood return!!!

Question 43

Anti tumor indications

Answer 43

Solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma