Unit 8: Intelligence Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is Spearman’s Theory on intelligence?
Intelligence has an underlying factor “g” - reasoning is because test scores that test different mental abilities tend to correlate
What is Cattell’s Theory of Intelligence?
Proposed that “g” was made up of two underlying components:
1) Fluid Intelligence: ability to solve novel and abstract problems
2) Crystallized Intelligence: accumulated knowledge retrieved from memory
What was Golman’s Theory of Intelligence?
Put forward theory of emotional intelligence which refers to one’s ability to accurately perceive emotions and express emotions effectively
What is Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence?
Rejects underlying factor of intelligence and proposes that intelligence comprises of 9 different abilities (3 are included on IQ tests)
1. Linguisitc*
2. Spacial *
3. Logical/mathematical*
4. musical
5. kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic
9. Existential
Key Criticisms: confounds ability with intelligence = circular reasoning
What is Robert Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence?
Defines intelligence as the “skillful use of one’s abilities to achieve one’s personal goals”
- idea is that intelligence builds on one’s strengths and that successful intelligence is revealed in people’s pursuit of goals
- Goals vary between people and cultures which makes it difficult to compare intelligence
- Identified three abilities in achieving goals:
1) analytic ability: analyze problems and generate solutions
2) experiential.creative: “Thinking outside of the box”
3) Contextual/Practical: Think practically
What was Alred Binet and Theodore Simon’s Intelligence test?
Goal: To identify which students would succeed vs have trouble in school
Tested students on a variety of tasks which measured their aptitude for learning rather than past achievement.
Mental Age: intelligence testing which is a measure of a child’s performance that corresponds with their chronological age
What was the Stanford-Binet Test?
adopted from the Binet Simon test but geared more towards the American population. Designed by Lewis Terman.
Described the ratio of mental age as a Intellectual Quotient =MA/CA X 100
Average children will have an IQ of 100
Not beneficial for testing adults because cognitive abilities do not improve indefinitely as we age.
95% of children will have an IQ between 70 and 130
What does IQ measure on tests today? X5
Fluid reasoning
Knowledge
Quantitative reasoning
Visual-Spatial processing
Working memory
Who was Henry Goddard and what was the design of his intelligence test?
Tested new immigrants and concluded that several ethnic groups were “feeble minded” which was then used to propose the isolation of these groups.
Intelligence tests have been used to discriminate and racialized against certain people.
How are adult IQ’s tested?
Deviation IQ: compares individuals with same age peers rather than with other age cohorts
What is the standard deviation for most IQ tests?
15 - 95% of all people fall between 70 and 130
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale?
- Used with ages 6-16 and 2-7 (different model)
- testing involved several subscales of IQ + overall IQ
1) verbal reasoning
2) fluid reasoning
3) working memory
4) Processing speed
most common testing in Canada
What is the Bayley’s Scale of Infant Development?
Consists of x5 scales of measurement:
1) Cognitive
2) Language
3) Motor
4) Social-emotional
5) Adaptive
What are the consequences of intelligence?
Can predict:
- job performance
- income
- grades
- level of education
- status
- longevity
- health
What are the key problems in measuring intelligence?
1) Cultural Bias: usually favours white, middle class students
2) Most common testing (Stanford Binet vs. WISC-V) measuring accumulation of knowledge at the time of testing not the the measure of future learning potential
What is Dynamic Testing?
Measures learning potential of a student by having them learn something new in the presence / with the help of an examiner
Key Goals:
1) identifying strengths
2) interactive testing model
3) focuses on a child’s peak performance not average performance
What was Sir Francis Galton’s theory on intelligence?
His studies concluded that intelligence is largely inherited
FLAW: most families share the same environment
What is Bradley and Caldwell’s HOME Scale?
HOME - Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
Attempted to measure the influence of a child’s home on their environment by looking at the following factors:
1) Organization and safety of living
2) Parent-Child Interaction
3) Presence and Absence of Play Materials
Findings: When home scores are stable over time, so is the child’s IQ ; when they fluctuate, the child’s IQ fluctuates in the same direction as the HOME score
What are the key Flaws to the HOME Scale?
- Genes influence the type of environment parents set up
- Almost all home studies have focused on children living with biological parents
How does one’s SE Status effect their intelligence?
Breast fed babies have enhanced IQ of about 6 points.
low SE students are less likely to be stimulated at home with materials and less interaction time with parents.
What are some successful Intervention programs for kids who come from low SE homes?
- Read out and Read: Gives children a book after visiting the doctor and helps parents on how to be more interactive when reading to their kids
- Head Start: helps foster development in preschool age children
What is the Flynn Effect?
Observed phenomenon that average IQ scores have steadily increased over time.
Have increased .3% per year
Average person today scores 15 points higher than the average person did 50 yrs ago.
Possible reasons:
1) improvements in nutrition and parenting, schooling
2) everyday life has required more abstract problem solving skills
What is the stereotype threat?
Awareness of cultural steretypes can cause anxiety which can in turn, impede test performance.
What is the IQ score for gifted children?
above 130
