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3125 Pathophysiology > Unit 8: Pulmonary/Respiratory PRE-CLASS game > Flashcards

Unit 8: Pulmonary/Respiratory PRE-CLASS game Flashcards

1
Q

=-0
,What is the name for the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs as it goes to and from the organs and tissues?

A

Perfusion

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2
Q

After entering a room of chemical fog, a 20-year-old male cannot stop coughing. Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for his response?

A

Irritant receptors in the nostrils

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3
Q

What substance is produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs and helps to lower surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse at end-expiration?

A

Surfactant

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4
Q

J-receptors (juxtapulmonary capillary receptors) are located near the capillaries in the alveolar septa. They are sensitive to increased ____________ capillary pressure, which stimulates them to initiate rapid, shallow breathing, hypotension, and bradycardia.

A

pulmonary

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5
Q

which nerve provides the lungs with parasympathetic innervation?

A

Vagus

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6
Q

What is the motor and sensory nerve that innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

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7
Q

The ___________ _________ are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of CSF and can maintain a normal PaCO2

A

Central chemoreceptors

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8
Q

To rid the body of excess carbon dioxide, the rate and depth of respiration are ___________.

A

increased

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9
Q

The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is called:

A

he parietal pleura

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10
Q

When oxygen concentration is low and oxygen radicals are present, intracellular calcium levels in the vascular smooth muscles cells will increase. This causes:

A

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

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11
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is the most important cause of:

A

pulmonary artery constriction

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12
Q

what is the major muscle of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

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13
Q

what is the name for the amount of air that can be forcibly and quickly expired after a maximal inspiration?

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

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14
Q

The nurse is teaching a client to use the incentive spirometer. What is the purpose of using this device?

A

expand the alveoli to prevent atelectasis and potential pneumonia

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15
Q

When teaching a patient to use the incentive spirometer, the nurse should instruct the patient to breathe __________

A

In slowly and deeply

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16
Q

How does aging affect the mechanical aspects of ventilation?

A

aging decreases chest wall compliance and elastic recoil of the lungs.

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17
Q

A perfectly healthy 82 year old gets out of breath when walking at the same pace as her 58 year old daughter. Both are healthy, not obese, and do not smoke. What is the explanation for this age- related reduced exercise capacity (tolerance)?

A

With aging, the surface area for gas exchange and capillary perfusion often decreases.

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18
Q

What is the name for the phenomenon that occurs when a person with pulmonary or cardiac disease awakens at night, gasping for air, and needs to sit or stand to relieve the breathing difficulty?

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

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19
Q

Under most circumstances, increased work of breathing results in:

A

increased oxygen consumption.

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20
Q

Most oxygen is transported bound to _____________

A

. hemeglobin

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21
Q

where does the diffusion of respiratory gases occur?

A

alveolocapillary membrane

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22
Q

In acidosis (low pH) and hypercapnia (increased PaCO2), the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right, which results in _________ oxygen being released to the cells.

A

more

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23
Q

Airway resistance is determined by the length, _________ and cross sectional area of the airways and by the density, viscosity, and __________ of the gas

A

radius, velocity

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24
Q

What is the name of the term that refers to the ease with which the lungs and chest wall expand during inspiration?

A

compliance

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25
Q

What is the name used to describe the coughing up of blood or bloody sputum that often occurs with inflection or inflammation that damages the bronchi or the lung parenchyma?

A

hemoptysis

26
Q

what type of condition might cause clubbing of the nail beds after years of the problem?

A

diseases that cause chronic hypoxemia

27
Q

While there are many causes of hypercapnia, what do they mostly result in?

A

decreased drive to breathe or inadequate ability to respond to ventilatory stimulation

28
Q

what diagnosis would the nurse expect to see for a client with a PaO2 of less than 60 mmHG and/or a PaCO2 of greater than 50 mmHg, and a pH of less than 7.25?

A

Acute respiratory failure

29
Q

Why would the nurse carefully assess the breathing rate and pattern of a client who suffered head trauma during an accident?

A

The respiratory center is in the brainstem and it controls respiration by transmitting impulses to the respiratory muscles. With head injury, the brainstem may not function.

30
Q

Why would the nurse be extra concerned about oxygenation when caring for an obese patient?

A

accumulation of fat in the chest wall is heavy, and it increases the work of breathing where it may compromise ventilation.

31
Q

How would the nurse document respirations that have a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause?

A

Kussmaul respirations

32
Q

How would the nurse document the respirations that involve alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing, with periods of apnea that last from 15 to 60 seconds?

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

33
Q

Which condition involves the presence of air or gas in the pleural space that is caused by a rupture in the visceral pleura or the parietal pleura and chest wall?

A

pneumothorax

34
Q

In which condition does the site of a pleural rupture act as a “one way” valve, and allow air to enter during inspiration but keeps it from escaping during expiration because the site closes off and keeps the air inside?

A

tension pneumothorax

35
Q

A nurse is reviewing the results of an arterial blood gas (ABG) and finds reduced oxygenation of arterial blood. What term should the nurse use to describe this condition?

A

Hypoxemia

36
Q

An alcoholic patient vomits during withdrawals and inhales a small amount of vomitus. Within 30 minutes, he has spiked a fever and is very ill. What is the most likely reason for this fever?

A

aspiration of gastric fluid can cause severe pneumonitis, which involves inflammation and infection, so the fever occurs to fight off the infection

37
Q

Which condition is caused by external pressure exerted by a tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space or by abdominal distention, that puts pressure on a portion of the lung and causes the alveoli to collapse?

A

compression atelectasis

38
Q

What problem should the nurse suspect for a client with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left, with labs that reveal the air pressure in the pleural cavity is greater than barometric atmospheric pressure?

A

Tension pneumothorax

39
Q

A 60-year-old with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. When giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as:

A

transudative

40
Q

Which condition involves the presence of pus in the pleural space, which often has moved from an infected lung into this space?

A

empyema

41
Q

Which organism does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause of empyema?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

A 57-year-old presents with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and decreased lung volume and is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis. When taking the patient’s history, which finding is the most probable cause of the illness?

A

Inhalation of silica

43
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A

Left sided-heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

44
Q

What assessment finding is common in patients with severe pulmonary edema

A

Pink, frothy sputum

45
Q

Which condition involves a persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi that usually occurs along with other respiratory conditions that are associated with chronic bronchial inflammation, like airway obstruction with mucous plugs, atelectasis, aspiration, infection, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, or congenital weakness of the bronchial wall?

A

bronchiectasis

46
Q

Which condition involves a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction of the small airways that occurs most commonly in children?

A

bronchiolitis

47
Q

A 67-year-old man who has worked in the coal mines since he was 17, presents to the clinic with dyspnea and hypoxemia. It is determined that inhalation of the coal byproducts have caused long term inflammation that resulted in scarring and a serious loss of lung compliance. Which diagnosis should the nurse anticipate for this man?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

48
Q

which condition involves chronic airway inflammation typically brought on by a hypersensitivity reaction to an environmental trigger, that cause bronchial hyper-responsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time and in intensity plus difficulty with expiration.

A

asthma

49
Q

What is the concern for a patient with chronic bronchitis?

A

continual bronchial inflammation causes bronchial edema, and the tenacious mucus can’t be cleared because the ciliary fibers no long er work right. This compromises the lung’s defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to pulmonary infection and injury.

50
Q

Which condition involves an abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways (acini) accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls but does not involve obvious fibrosis?

A

Emphysema

51
Q

What is the difference between primary emphysema and secondary emphysema?

A

primary emphysema is linked to an inherited deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin. Alpha 1 antitrypsin normally inhibits the action of proteolytic enzymes that breakdwon lung tissue. Without alpha 1 antitrypsin, the likelihood of developing emphysema increases.

52
Q

Which diagnosis would be assigned to a patient who presents to the emergency department (ED/ER) with dyspnea, fatigue, fever, and hemoptysis, who is subsequently admitted for treatment of pneumonia?

A

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)

53
Q

Which type of pneumonia would be diagnosed if a patient was found to have a fever and infiltrates on chest xray within 48 hours of being admitted to the hospital?

A

Community Acquired

54
Q

Which assessment finding would the nurse expect for a client with a pleural effusion?

A

dry cough

55
Q

Which condition includes a viral infection that results in a harsh, barking type cough?

A

Croup

56
Q

Which condition is an autosomal recessive inherited mutation of the CF gene that causes dysfunction of the CFTR protein, which works as a chloride canal in the apical membranes of epithelial cells and impacts the production of mucus, secretory granules, and intracellular organelles. The defect affects cells in many organs, including the digestive tract and the lungs, where it causes obstruction and dyspnea.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

57
Q

Which life-threatening condition is caused by H. Influenzae type B (HiB) in young children that causes the development of a sudden high fever, irritability, sore throat, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. The child appears anxious and has a muffled voice, drools and wants to sit leaning forward.

A

Acute Epiglottitis

58
Q

Which action should be avoided, at all costs, in children with epiglottiits?

A

using a tongue blade or sticking anything in the child’s mouth.

59
Q

For which population is Surfactant Deficiency Disorder (aka Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn) the biggest risk?

A

Babies born prematurely

60
Q

What signs and symptoms might a parent see in a child who has aspirated a foreign body?

A

cough, hoarsenss, stridor, wheezing, or dysnpea

3125 Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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