Unit 8A

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

-energizing behavior

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A complex behavior that is Rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

-complex behavior that is unlearned

Question 3

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

The idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

-psychological need creates a drive that motivates organism to satisfy need.

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

-balanced internal state

Question 5

Incentive

Answer 5

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

• • or - stimulus to motivate.

Question 6

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 6

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with psychological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

• maslows pyramid

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

• lower level = hunger
• form of sugar that circulates in blood

Question 8

Set point

Answer 8

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

-where weight is set (falls behind = hunger)

Question 9

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 9

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 10

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 10

An eating disorder in which a person (usually a teen girl) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

• 15% below weight and continuing to diet

Question 11

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 11

Eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

• overeating and then over exercising, fasting, laxatives or vomiting

Question 12

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 12

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

• overeating and then feeling guilt

Question 13

Sexual response cycle

Answer 13

The four stages of sexual responding described by masters and Johnson– excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

-the four stages of sexual response

Question 14

Refractory period

Answer 14

A resting period after organ, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

-resting period for men

Question 15

Estrogens

Answer 15

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

-sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females

Question 16

Testosterone

Answer 16

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

• both sexes have it but more in males which determines male characteristics.

Question 17

Sexual orientation

Answer 17

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

-sexual attraction to either sex