Unit 9 - 12 theories

Question 1

Type of counselling: focuses on the view that people are primarily motivated by social interests

Answer 1

Adlerian theory

Question 2

in Adlerian theory, clients are challenged to consider their own private logic

Answer 2

confrontation

Question 3

condition of being transparent in the therapeutic relationship by giving up roles and facades

Answer 3

congruence

Question 4

attuned to the awareness of the outside world

Answer 4

conscious mind

Question 5

a way of coping with anxiety on an unconscious level by denying or distorting reality

Answer 5

defense mechanisms

Question 6

technique that utilized dreams as a way to understanding the unconscious

Answer 6

dream analysis

Question 7

drawing on various theories, techniques, and practices to meet client needs

Answer 7

eclecticism

Question 8

the ability to grasp a client’s communications, intentions, and meanings

Answer 8

empathy

Question 9

Type of counselling: focuses on and emphasizes the freedom that people have to choose what to make of their circumstances

Answer 9

existential counselling

Question 10

focuses on the belief that people work towards wholeness and completeness in life

Answer 10

Gestalt therapy

Question 11

focuses on the potential of people to actively choose and to purposefully decide about self and environmental issues

Answer 11

humanistic

Question 12

a pronounced feeling of being inferior to others

Answer 12

inferiority complex

Question 13

focuses on the view that people are essentially good, positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy

Answer 13

person-centred counselling

Question 14

a perspective in person-centred theory, in which the person’s perception of reality rather than the event itself is considered important

Answer 14

phenomenological perspective

Question 15

an unconditional, deep, and genuine caring for a client as a person

Answer 15

positive regard

Question 16

based on the view that human nature is dynamic with the transformation and exchange of energy within the personality

Answer 16

psychoanalysis

Question 17

the process of being what one is and not a process of striving to become; centred in the present

Answer 17

self-actualization

Question 18

a feeling of being connected to society; being part of it, taking an active interest in it, and having a willingness to contribute to it

Answer 18

social interest

Question 19

an unproductive neurotic fiction created by a tendency to overcompensate for feelings of inferiority

Answer 19

superiority complex

Question 20

a model that hypothesizes about the formation of possible solutions to a problem

Answer 20

theory

Question 21

use of counter-conditioning principles to help a client overcome a phobia or an extreme fear reaction

Answer 21

systematic desensitization

Question 22

presenting an aversive stimulus to a situation to suppress or eliminate a behaviour

Answer 22

punishment

Question 23

focuses on tapping into people’s inner resources and noting exceptions to the times when they are distressed

Answer 23

solution-focused counselling

Question 24

assumes that meaning or knowledge is constructed through social interaction; uses stories to help clients re-author their lives through new narratives

Answer 24

narrative counselling

Question 25

behaviour learned gradually in steps through successive approximation

Answer 25

shaping

Question 26

focuses on action over insight to alter and reorganize a family into a more functional and productive unit [

Answer 26

structural family counselling

Question 27

focuses on helping people realize they can live more rational and productive lives, emphasizing both self-interest and social interest

Answer 27

rational emotive behavioural therapy

Question 28

focuses on conceptualizing a group of related elements, such as family, that interact as a whole entity

Answer 28

systems theory

Question 29

focuses on remediating problems seen as occurring within a developmental framework of a family life cycle; strives to resolve presenting problems

Answer 29

strategic (brief) counselling

Question 30

events that, when they follow a behaviour, increase the probability of the behaviour being repeated

Answer 30

reinforcers

Question 31

events are related through a series of interacting feedback loops

Answer 31

circular causality

Question 32

focuses on helping people in crises to recognize and correct temporary affective, behavioural, and cognitive distortions brought on by traumatic events

Answer 32

crisis counselling

Question 33

focuses on mental processes and their influences on mental health and behaviour

Answer 33

cognitive and cognitive-behavioural counselling

Question 34

the display of behaviours in environments outside of where they were originally learned

Answer 34

generalization

Question 35

focuses on differentiating or distinguishing one's thoughts from one's emotions, and oneself from others

Answer 35

Bowen systems theory

Question 36

elimination of a behaviour by withdrawal of its reinforcement

Answer 36

extinction

Question 37

focuses on examining and modifying unexamined and negative thought distortions

Answer 37

cognitive therapy

Question 38

focuses on the assumption that all behaviour is learned

Answer 38

behavioural therapy

Question 39

thoughts, beliefs, and internal images that people have about events in their lives

Answer 39

cognitions

Question 40

clients learn new, appropriate ways of acting, or they modify or eliminate excessive actions

Answer 40

behavioural theory

Question 41

members are more alike than unalike

Answer 41

homogeneous groups

Question 42

focuses on the usual, yet often difficult, problems of living collectively through interpersonal support and problem solving

Answer 42

counselling group

Question 43

two or more people interacting together to achieve a goal for their mutual benefit

Answer 43

group

Question 44

the enactment of unrehearsed role-plays with the group leader serving as the director

Answer 44

psychodrama

Question 45

do not admit new members after sessions have begun

Answer 45

closed-ended groups

Question 46

a multidimensional process in which group members respond to the verbal messages and nonverbal behaviours of another person

Answer 46

feedback

Question 47

members are more unalike than alike

Answer 47

heterogeneous groups

Question 48

admit new members after sessions have begun

Answer 48

open-ended groups

Question 49

a group that focuses on remediating in-depth psychological problems

Answer 49

psychotherapy group

Question 50

what has been said within the group setting is not to be revealed outside the group

Answer 50

confidentiality

Question 51

an extended, one-session group experience that breaks down the defensive barriers that individuals may present

Answer 51

group marathon

Question 52

focuses on a potential threat, a developmental life event, or an immediate life crisis

Answer 52

psychoeducational group

Question 53

a group process in which stereotypical, defensive, and stale thought processes become the norm, thereby squelching creativity and problem solving

Answer 53

groupthink

Question 54

focuses on spontaneous development, centres on a single topic, and is led by a layperson with little formal group training but with experience in the stressful event that brought the group together

Answer 54

self-help group

Question 55

focuses on a particular concern or problem, and is organized by an established professional helping organization

Answer 55

support group

Question 56

a group that is likely to learn from the group experience how one's behaviour in a group influences others' behaviour and vice versa

Answer 56

T-group

Question 57

how minds make sense of reality

Answer 57

constructivism

Question 58

overcoming inertia, resisting procrastination, relieving job-related stress, building interpersonal support systems, and avoiding feelings of frustration and failure

Answer 58

employability skills

Question 59

a link from one database to another

Answer 59

crosswalk

Question 60

a person who acts as a personal trainer, consultant, and mentor, identifying specific goals, developing action plans, and following up on progress

Answer 60

life coach

Question 61

a stage in career development in which self-concept adjusts to fit the stabilized career choice

Answer 61

maintenance stage

Question 62

defining the problem, finding and using information, creating alternatives, and developing, implementing, and evaluating plans

Answer 62

career decision making

Question 63

a stage in career development in which a person deals with reduced energy and tries to maintain his/her position until retirement

Answer 63

decline stage

Question 64

how meanings are created through the interactions of individuals in various contexts, such as family

Answer 64

constructionism

Question 65

using fantasy, play, and role experimentation to help clarify emerging self-concept

Answer 65

exploratory stage

Question 66

activities that clarify the personal importance of life decisions, events, and transitions

Answer 66

reflective exploration

Question 67

activities that increase self-awareness and accurately assess strengths, weaknesses, aptitudes, skills, and lifestyle issues

Answer 67

actual exploration

Question 68

the narrowing of interests that children experience

Answer 68

circumscription

Question 69

focuses on how we give meaning to our actions by creating stories

Answer 69

narrative theory

Question 70

helping clients become aware of what they value most

Answer 70

facilitating self-awareness

Question 71

discovering an occupation well-suited to satisfying personal needs

Answer 71

establishment stage

Question 72

activities that allow direct client involvement in career exploration

Answer 72

concrete exploration