Unit : Memory Flashcards
(24 cards)
3 stages of memory
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
Encoding (stage of memory)
What are the 3 types of encoding?
Turning the sensory information we receive through our senses into a form (electrochemical memory) that can be used/stored by the brain
Acoustic encoding is holding sound information
Visual encoding is holding images
Semantic encoding is holding the meanings of information
We encode information in this order (first remember the sound, then look, then meaning)
Storage (stage of memory)
Retention of info in our memory system
Retrieval/Output (stage of memory)
Information we recall from stored information
3 types of memory
Sensory, Short-term, and Long-term
Sensory memory store
Immediate memory of sensory information from our environment that is lost if not paid attention to and is transferred to short-term if paid attention to
Large capacity of information
Duration of less than 2 seconds
Short-term Memory (STM)
Initial store of memory that is temporary and limited, info moves to long-term through rehearsal and gets lost through decay, displacement, or interference
Capacity of 7 items only
Info lasts less than 30 seconds without rehearsal
Long-term Memory (LTM)
Memory store that holds potentioall unlimited amount of info for up to a lifetime, can transfer back to STM with retrieval (to remember things) and is lost through interference or encoding issues
Capacity of potentially unlimited items
Lasts up to a lifetime
Multi-store model of Memory
Search it up and remember it!
Duration and capacity meaning relating to memory storing
Duration is the length of time info van be stored in the type of memory store
Capacity is the amount of info that can be stored in the type of memory store
Rehearsal
To move information from short-term to long-term memory by repeating the info over and over to make it stick
Why do we forget things? Displacement and Interference
Displacement is when short-term memory becomes full and new info pushes out older info
Interference is when new info overwrited old info because it makes the old info unimportant/not needed (e.g. new phone number replacing old one)
Types of sensory register (sensory memory store)
Iconic memory is sensory register for visual info that lasts around 1 second
Echoic memory is sensory register for auditory info that lasts a few seconds
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Multi-model Store theory
Adv
Evidence to support theory of separate memory stores
Real life application to help us understand memory
Disadv
Overstating the role of rehearsal
Unlikely we have only 1 long-term memory store
Peterson and Peterson Short-term Retention of Individual Verbal Items
Summary of it
Search up bc yeah
Amnesia
Memory loss, often through an accident, disease, or injury
2 types are retrograde and anterograde
Retrograde vs Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia affects the recall of memories from before the brain injury, but is possible to regain some/all of the lost memory
Anterograde amnesia is when new long-term memories cannot be made after due to the brain injury, but they MAY be able to recall info from before the injury (but cannot create/store new info)
Bartlett’s Theory of Reconstructive Memory
Memories are not “computer stored” but instead notes about what we experience that we can retrieve and elaborate on them
Not exact copied but interpretations (active reconstruction)
How we recall memories is influenced by our schemas
Active Reconstruction
Memories are not exact copy of the experience, but an interpretation/reconstruction of events influenced by our schema
Schema (memory)
A packet of information and knowledge about an event, person, or place that influences how we remember
Develops over time through our own experiences
How do schemas influence memory?
Bartlett found that…
Schemas influence memory in ways like omissions, transformations, familiarisation, and rationalisation
Omissions, Transformations, Familiarisation, and Rationalisation (Ways that schemas affect memory)
Omissions is when we leave out unfamiliar, irrelevant, or unpleasant information when remembering something (schema simplifies this info)
Transformations are details changes to make them more familiar and rational
Familiarisation is when we change unfamiliar information to align with our own schema
Rationalisation is when we add details into our recollections of memories to give a reason for something that originally didn’t fit with our schema
Strengths and Weaknesses of Bartlett’s theory
Adv
Real-world application, we can understand why memory is distorted
Ecologically valid
Disadv
Subjective to the researcher
Unscientific because of that
Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts Study Summary of it
Search up bc yeah
