Unit : Sleep and Dreaming

Question 1

REM Sleep

Answer 1

Part of the sleep cycle between wake and Stage 1 where dreaming occurs
Rapid Eye Movements, because of eyes moving a lot behind eyelids during dreaming
Information from senses blocked (sensory blockade)

Includes:
Irregular, rapid breathing
Eyes jerking
Muscles paralysed
Heart rate/blood pressure rise
Dreaming can happen

Question 2

Stage 1 of sleep (what is it called, what happens during, what type of brainwaves occur)

Answer 2

Sleep onset
1st stage of the sleep cycle after REM sleep

Light sleep, easily woken up
Muscles less active
Eye movement slow and you may twitch

Alpha and theta brainwaves

Question 2

Stage 3 of sleep (what is it called, what type of brainwaves occur)

Answer 2

Deep sleep (combined with Stage 4)
3rd stage of the sleep cycle after REM sleep
Stage between light and deep sleep

Some slow some fast delta brainwaves

Question 2

Stage 2 of sleep (what is it called, what happens during, what type of brainwaves occur)

Answer 2

Late night stage
2nd stage of the sleep cycle after REM sleep

Eye movements stop
Body temp drops
Heart rate slows

Slower theta waves

Question 2

Stage 4 of sleep (what is it called, what type of brainwaves occur)

Answer 2

Deep sleep
4th stage of the sleep cycle after REM sleep

You are hard to wake
No eye movements
Disoriented if woken up here
Sleepwalking/night terrors would occur here

Almost all slow delta waves

Question 3

The sleep cycle

Answer 3

A nightly pattern of deep sleep, light sleep, and dreaming in one night
Go through about 5 cycles of the stages and REM sleep each night
First cycle has short REM period and more deep sleep, but more REM later on, so towards morning we are mostly in stages 1, 2 or REM

Question 4

Movement inhibition

Answer 4

In REM sleep
Movement is prevented (paralysed muscles)

Question 5

Sensory blockade

Answer 5

In REM sleep
All incoming sensory information is stopped

Question 6

Neuron

Answer 6

A nerve cell that transmits information

Question 7

EEG machine

Answer 7

Electroencephalogram
Machine used to study sleep cycles

Question 7

Hypnagogic sensations

Answer 7

When woken up during Stage 1 sleep, these are brief movements that feel like you’re falling

Question 7

Example of a sleep cycle (try to picture it)

Answer 7

Search it up, I don’t have premium.

Question 8

Circadian rhythms (with examples)

Answer 8

Human body rhythms that have a daily (24 hour) cycle controlled by our biological clock

Examples:
Sleep-wake cycle
Body temperature

Question 9

Sleep-wake cycle

Answer 9

Circadian rhythm (24 hour) controlled by our biological clock
From being awake to sleeping, triggering by the day-night cycle

Question 9

Body temperature

Answer 9

Circadian rhythm (24 hour) controlled by our biological clock
In tune with sleep-wake cycle, rises near the end of sleep and drops in the afternoon and at the start of sleep

Question 10

Ultradian rhythms (with examples)

Answer 10

Human bodily rhythms that last less than 24 hours

Examples:
Heart rate
Blood circulation
Apetite
These can all affect sleep-wake cycle e.g. thinking it is time to wake bc of hunger

Question 10

Endogenous Influences on Sleep (with examples)

Answer 10

Internal influences
Circadian and ultradian rhythms, keeps the biological rhythms synced, which are affected by external factors

Examples:
Hormones (chemical messengers)
Pineal gland (produces melatonin into bloodstream)
Melatonin (hormone for setting circadian rhythms)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (search it up)

Question 10

Exogenous Influences on Sleep (with examples)

Answer 10

External influences (environmental)

Examples:
Zeitgebers (external cues in env that sync biological rhythms like light, seasons, jet lag)
Diet
Medication
Noise/music
Social interactions

Question 10

Melatonin

Answer 10

Hormone secreted in the brain during the night, playing an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and blood pressure

Question 10

Siffre (1975) experiment

Answer 10

Six months in a cave

Question 11

Findings of Siffre (1975) experiment

Answer 11

He became depressed and lonely
Came out with bad eyesight and psychological problems
Thought days and nights were longer than they were (ranged from 18 to 52 hours each estimate from him)
He thought it was July when he came out when it was actually August

Question 11

Aim of Siffre (1975) experiment

Answer 11

To see how people would get on without zeitgebers/external cues and find his “natural” sleep cycle

Question 12

Primary sleep disorders

Answer 12

When the disorder is the problem that you have
e.g. Insomnia

Question 13

Secondary sleep disorders

Answer 13

When the sleep issue is a symptom of another disorder
e.g. Depression

Question 14

Insomnia (w symptoms and causes)

Answer 14

Problems with sleeping at night that cause difficulty during the day Symptoms: Can't fall asleep Waking up during the night Lying awake at night Irritable Cannot concentrate Tired during the day Causes: Lifestyle Environment Health issues Depression Stress Upheavels

Question 14

Narcolepsy (w symptoms and causes)

Answer 14

Inability to control sleeping and waking, so you experience involuntary daytime sleeping Symptoms: Excessive daytime sleepiness Hallucinations Vivid dreams Cataplexy Sleep paralysis Abnormal REM sleep Causes: Lack of hypocretin Genetic influences Stress

Question 15

Hobson and McCauley's activation synthesis theory or dreaming Also give the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 15

During REM sleep, the brain is active and muscles inactive, sensory info not going into the brain (blockade), so neurons activated randomly fire messages (thoughts), sending them to the brain Activation - Neurons in the pons send random signals to the cerebral cortex Synthesis - The brain tried to make sense of the signals by synthesising them into a story, seen as dreams Strengths: Evidence used to back up (reliable) Explains bizarre dream content Compliments other theories by explaining shaping dreams Neuroscientific basis Weaknesses: Studied on animals, may not apply Doesn't explain recurring dream content or related to recent events in individuals Oversimplifies concept of dreaming

Question 15

Freud's Theory of Dreaming Also give the strengths and weaknesses

Answer 15

Dreaming enables the "unconscious mind" which is inaccessible and affects behaviour and feelings, dreams reveal unconscious wishes so we don't have to suppress them. He said that the dreamer kept him/herself from waking up and avoided unpleasant awareness of repressed wishes/fears by disguising them as bizarre dream content in an effort called dreamwork Strengths: Qualitative data Focused on real individuals Found a way to study the unconscious mind Evidence to support that dream "guard" sleep Weaknesses: Data interpreted by analyst Cannot be easily tested Unscientific (can't be measured) Cannot be generalised to larger pop

Question 16

Manifest and Latent Content

Answer 16

Part of Freud's Theory of Dreaming Manifest Content is the story of what the dreamer tells happened Latent content is the deeper content behind what the dream is about

Question 17

Id, Superego, and Ego (in Freud's Theory of dreaming)

Answer 17

Id is the part of the theory of the demanding thought of "I want..." Superego is the thought of "you can't have..." Ego is the reasoning to balance thoughts from id and superego

Question 18

How does dreamwork work in Freud's Theory? And the three types.

Answer 18

It is the transformation of unconcious thoughts into stories, has three ways 1. Condensation : many idea appear as one dream 2. Displacement : something unimportant seems to be important, shifting attention from the important thing 3. Secondary elaboration : Using muddled ideas of dreamwork to build a whole story These factors can be used to analyse dreams in according to his theory

Question 19

Freud (1909) Case Study

Answer 19

Little Hans : Analysis of a phobia in a five year old boy

Question 20

Aim of Freud (1909) Case Study

Answer 20

To help little Hans overcome/understand his phobia of horses Build evidence for his theory of how children develop

Question 21

Findings of Freud (1909) Case Study

Answer 21

His dreams about losing his mother and about wanting to take a crumpled giraffe from a big giraffe was said to symbolise his mother and his father Freud said it was the Oedipus complex of how Hans wanted to take his mother away and feared his father This related to his fear of horses as Freud suggested that horses symbolised his father with the fathers moustache since Hans feared ones with bits around the mouth especially Supported his theory of developing in psychosexual stages