Unit one

Question 1

What is the difference between a law and theory

Answer 1

a law describes an observation while a theory explains an observation

Question 2

what questions do law and theories answer

Answer 2

laws answer what happened while theories answer why or how

Question 3

what is the law of conservation

Answer 3

mass is neither created or destroyed

Question 4

what is the law of definite proportions and what is another name for it

Answer 4

a substance is always made of the same proportions of elements; law of constant composition

Question 5

what is the law of multiple proportions

Answer 5

elements combine in small, whole number ratios

Question 6

what is Dalton’s atomic theory

Answer 6

matter is made of small, indivisible particles; atoms of a particular elements are identical; atoms of differnet elements are different; atoms combine in small, whole number ratios; atoms are neither created or destroyed

Question 7

What is the mass defect effect

Answer 7

energy is lost due to the effort it takes to smoosh protons into nucleus thus the atomic weight of an atom is less than expected

Question 8

what is the atomic number and how is it found

Answer 8

number of protons in an element; found on the periodic table

Question 9

what is the mass number and how is it found

Answer 9

protons plus neutrons, found by calculation

Question 10

what is an isoptope

Answer 10

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Question 11

what are ions

Answer 11

atoms that are not neutral due to different number of protons and electrons

Question 12

what is the atomic mass

Answer 12

weighted average based on natural abundance of isotopes

Question 13

what is the molecular formula

Answer 13

exact number of atoms in molecules

Question 14

what is the empirical formula

Answer 14

ratio of atoms in a molecule

Question 15

what is the symbol for wavelength and what does it mean

Answer 15

λ meaning the distance between any given point and the same point in the next wave

Question 16

what is amplitude

Answer 16

the intensity of the waves

Question 17

what is the symbol for frequency and what does it mean

Answer 17

v; how often there are waves per second

Question 18

energy is _____ to v

Answer 18

proportional

Question 19

energy is _____ to λ

Answer 19

inversely proportional

Question 20

λ and v are _____

Answer 20

inversely proportional

Question 21

how does energy leave an object

Answer 21

as light (in wavelengths)

Question 22

how does matter differ from gasses in terms of light

Answer 22

matter can exist at all stages of the visible spectrum but gasses can only exist at certain stages

Question 23

what is work function and its symbol

Answer 23

the E of a photon necessary to remove electrons from metal; Φ

Question 24

what happens when an electron drop an energy level

Answer 24

a photon is emitted by the atom

Question 25

what is the uncertaintly principle

Answer 25

it is impossible to simultaenously know the exact position and momnetum of a microscopic particle

Question 26

what is an atomic orbital

Answer 26

where electrons are likely to be found for each quantum state

Question 27

What is the principle quantum number, what does it describe, and what can it be

Answer 27

n; describes shells and the distance of electrons from the nucleus; anywhere from 1 to infinity

Question 28

what is the angular momentum quantum number symbol, what is its significance, what can it be, and what is its relationship with n

Answer 28

l; describes an orbital's shape; and can be 0-3 or spdf; will always be less than n

Question 29

what are nodes

Answer 29

areas where electrons will never be found

Question 30

how do you find tha number of nodes in a subshell

Answer 30

n-1

Question 31

how do you find the number of angular or planar nodes in a subshell

Answer 31

l

Question 32

how do you find the number of radial or speherical nodes in a subshell

Answer 32

n-l-1

Question 33

what is the magnetic quantum number, what does it describe, and what can it be

Answer 33

m sub l; describes the number of orbitals in each subshell; can be 1,3,5 or 7

Question 34

what is the pauli exclusion principle

Answer 34

no 2 electrons in one atom may have any identical set of quantum numbers (electrons have to be different to be in the same subshell

Question 35

What is the aufbau principle

Answer 35

electrons in a ground state atom occupy the lowest energy orbitals available to them

Question 36

what is shielding

Answer 36

Happens when there are multiple electrons in an atom where they will be attracted to the nucleus but repeled from each other causing them to have much lower charge than expected and be held onto less resulting in them having higher energy

Question 37

What is the trend for shielding

Answer 37

Increases as you go right and down

Question 38

How does shielding affect orbitals

Answer 38

It causes lower orbitals to be more stable than higher ones

Question 39

what is the first l block anomaly

Answer 39

it is more stable for d orbitals to be half or fully filled so electrons will be taken away from s orbitals to fulfill this

Question 40

what does it mean for fluorine to be isoelectronic to helium

Answer 40

that when fluorine gains an electron it has the same electron configuration as helium

Question 41

what is the second l block anomaly

Answer 41

when losing electrons, d block elements will lose s electrons before losing d ones

Question 42

What is the effective molecular charge (Z effective) trend

Answer 42

as n and Z increases, Z effective increases

Question 43

what is Z effective

Answer 43

the net positive charge that an electron feels

Question 44

What do periodic trends depend on and how do they increase

Answer 44

Z and n; n increases down the periodic table while Z increases across the period table

Question 45

what is the atomic radius trend

Answer 45

as n increases, radius increases and as Z increases, radius decreases

Question 46

What is the ion radius trend

Answer 46

As Z effective increases, ion radius decreases (cations get smaller as they get more positive while anions get larger as they get more negative)

Question 47

What is ionization energy

Answer 47

The E required to completly remove an electron from an atom

Question 48

what is the Ionization energy trend

Answer 48

as n increases, IE decreases and as Z increases, IE increases

Question 49

How are ionization energy and atomic radius related

Answer 49

as atomic radius decreases ionization energy increases

Question 50

What is electron affinity

Answer 50

E releases when an electron is added to an atom

Question 51

What is the electron affinity trend

Answer 51

As Z increases, EA increases and as n increases, EA decreases