Unit One Flashcards
1
Q
The science of body functions
A
Physiology
2
Q
The science of body structures and the relationships among them
A
Anatomy
3
Q
Condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment due to the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes
A
Homeostasis
4
Q
In the feedback system what is:
The Receptor?
Control Center?
Effector?
A
Receptor: Body structure that monitors changed in a controlled condition
Control Center: Where the receptor sends information to, to establish a range of valued to maintain homeostasis (the brain)
Effector: Where control center sends info to, will produce a response in order to maintain homeostasis
5
Q
Anatomical term for Skull
A
Cranial
6
Q
Anatomical term for Face
A
Facial
7
Q
Anatomical term for Head
A
Cephalic
8
Q
Anatomical term for Neck
A
Cervical
9
Q
Anatomical term for Armpit
A
Axillary
10
Q
Anatomical term for Arm
A
Brachial
11
Q
Anatomical term for Front of Elbow
A
Antecubital
12
Q
Anatomical term for Forearm
A
Antebrachial
13
Q
Anatomical term for Wrist
A
Carpal
14
Q
Anatomical term for Palm
A
Palmar
15
Q
Anatomical term for Toes / Fingers
A
Digital or Phalangeal
16
Q
Anatomical term for Thigh
A
Femoral
17
Q
Anatomical term for Anterior Knee
A
Patellar
18
Q
Anatomical term for Leg
A
Crural
19
Q
Anatomical term for Ankle
A
Tarsal
20
Q
Anatomical term for Foot
A
Pedal
21
Q
Anatomical term for Forehead
A
Frontal
22
Q
Anatomical term for Eye
A
Orbital or ocular
23
Q
Anatomical term for Ear
A
Otic
24
Q
Anatomical term for Cheek
A
Buccal
25
Anatomical term for Nose
Nasal
26
Anatomical term for Mouth
Oral
27
Anatomical term for Chin
Mental
28
Anatomical term for Breastbone
Sternal
29
Anatomical term for Breast
Mammary
30
Anatomical term for Navel (bellybutton)
Umbilical
30
Anatomical term for Hip
Coxal
31
Anatomical term for Groin
Inguinal
32
Anatomical term for Hand
Manual
33
Anatomical term for Pubis
Pubic
34
Anatomical term for Back of Hand / Top of Foot
Dorsum
35
Anatomical term for Chest
Thoracic
36
Anatomical term for Abdonimal
Abdomen
37
Anatomical term for Pelvis
Pelvic
38
Anatomical term for Base of Skull
Occipital
39
Anatomical term for Top of Shoulder
Acromion
40
Anatomical term for Shoulder Blade
Scapular
41
Anatomical term for Spinal Column
Vertebral
42
Anatomical term for Back of Elbow
Olecranal
43
Anatomical term for Between Hips (Posterior)
Sacral
44
Anatomical term for Buttock
Gluteal
45
Anatomical term for Back of Knee
Popliteal
46
Anatomical term for Calf
Sural
47
Anatomical term for Sole of Feet
Plantar
48
Anatomical term for Back
Dorsal
49
Anatomical term for Loin (lower back)
Lumbar
50
Anatomical term for Heel
Calcaneal
51
Superior vs. Inferior
Superior: towards the top of the head
Inferior: Away from the head
52
Anterior vs. Posterior
Anterior: Front of the body
Posterior: Back of the body
53
Medial vs. Lateral
Medial: Towards the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
54
Directional term for being between two structures
Intermediate
55
Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
56
Proximal vs. Distal
Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Distal: Further from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
57
Superficial vs. Deep
Superficial: Towards the surface of the body
Deep: Away from the surface of the body
58
Cranial vs. Caudal
Same thing as Superior vs. Inferior
59
What is the Pleural Cavity?
Cavity containing the lungs
60
What is the Pericardial Cavity?
Cavity containing the heart
61
What is the Mediastinum?
Cavity in-between the sternum, lungs, and vertebrae. From the neck to the diaphragm
Contains: heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels
62
What does the Abdominal Cavity contain?
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
63
What does the Pelvic Cavity contain?
Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproductive system
64
Name Abdominopelvic Regions from top right to bottom left
Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar
Right Inguinal, Hypogastric, Left Inguinal
65
What does Epithelium Tissue cover or line?
Body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. Also forms glands
66
Where are cell junctions found?
Lateral surface of epithelial tissue
67
Layers of the basement membrane and about them?
Basal Lamina: Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains proteins and glycoproteins
Reticular Lamina: Closer to connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins formed by the connective tissue cells called fibroblasts
68
Function of the basement membrane:
Attach and support the overlying epithelial tissue (to connective tissue)
69
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Basement membranes of small blood vessels and capillaries thickens. Leading to decreased blood flow, decreased O2 and nutrients, causing cell death and worsen to stuff like blindness or loss of sensation in fingers and toes
70
Function of Simple Epithelium Tissues:
Movement such as:
Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption
71
Function of Stratified Epithelium Tissues:
Protection
72
Function of Squamous Epithelium:
Movement of substance
73
Function of Cuboidal Epithelium:
Secretion and absorption
74
Function of Columnar Epithelium:
Protection, secretion and absorption
75
Function of Transitional Epithelium:
Distention (stretching)
76
What cells are found in Connective Tissue?
Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Plasma cells, Mast cells, Adipocytes, White blood cells
77
What do Fibroblasts do?
Secrete the fibers and ground substance
78
What do Macrophages do?
Large WBC
Maintain the connective tissue by engulfing bacteria and cellular debris
79
What do Plasma Cells do?
Secrete antibodies in the immune response
80
What are Adipocytes?
Fat cells that store trigycerides
81
What do Mast cells do?
Decrease inflammation and kill bacteria
82
What do White Blood Cells do?
Combat foreign substances
83
What is Extracellular Matrix composed of?
Mostly water, glycosaminoglycans (to trap water), protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
84
Explain Collagen Fiber:
Strongest fiber, flexible but resistant to stretching
Abundant in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
85
Explain Elastic Fiber:
Smaller than collagen fiber but still strong. Flexible and able to stretch 150% its normal size
Abundant in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue
86
Explain Reticular Fiber:
Very thin fibers that consist of collagen. Provides strength and support.
Abundant in the basement membrane, covering of organs (stroma), and smooth muscle tissue
87
Where is Areolar Connective Tissue found?
Subcutaneous layer and dermis deep in the skin, around blood vessels, nerves and organs
88
Function of Areolar Connective Tissue:
Provide strength, elasticity, and support
89
Where is Adipose Tissue found?
Subcutaneous layer, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding of joints
90
What is the function of Adipose Tissue?
Decrease heat loss, provide quick energy when needed, supports and protects
91
Where is Reticular Connective Tissue found?
Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes and basement membrane
92
What is the function of Reticular Connective Tissue?
Protection and filtration
(filter blood cells in the spleen and microbes in the lymph nodes)
93
Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue found?
Tendons and ligaments
94
What is the function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?
Provides strong attachment between structures
95
Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?
Fascia (tissue beneath skin around muscle and organs), deep dermis of skin, periosteum (bone), joint cavities, pericardium of the heart and its valves
96
What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
Provide strength
97
Where is Elastic Connective Tissue found?
Lung tissue, large artery walls, trachea, and ligaments around the spine
98
What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue:
Allows stretching of structures and organs
99
Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?
Ends of long bones, nose, trachea
100
What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage?
Provide smooth surfaces for movement at the joints, and flexibility and support
101
Where is Fibrocartilage found?
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc, menisci of knee
102
What is the function of Fibrocartilage?
Support and fusion of tendons into cartilage
103
Where is Elastic Cartilage found?
Epiglottis, external ear, eustachian tubes
104
What is the function of Elastic Cartilage?
Support and maintains shape
105
What are the four parts of Compact Bone and their composition/functions?
Lamellae: Calcium and phosphate gives bone its hardness and collagen fibers provides strength
Lacunae: small spaces between the lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Canaliculi: Network of canals that connect lacunae to provides routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and remove their waste
Central Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves
106
What is the function of Compact Bone?
Support body, protect organs, store blood and nutrients, houses blood forming tissue
107
What does Liquid Connective Tissue (blood) consist of?
Blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
108
What is the function of the cells within blood?
RBC: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBC: Rid the body of foreign substances
Platelets: Clot blood
109
What is the function of Muscular Tissue?
Produce body motion, maintain posture, generate heat
110
Describe Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
Multinucleated, striated, voluntary movement
111
Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue:
One nucleus, striated, involuntary movement, attach end-to-end via intercalated discs
112
Describe Smooth Muscle Tissue:
Non-striated, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary movement
113
What is the function of Smooth Muscle Tissue?
Constrict blood vessels to regulate blood pressure, constrict airways in allergic reaction, constrict certain organs
114
What is the function of Nervous Tissue?
Conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers or glands
115
What cells provide support to neurons?
Neuroglia cells
116
Composition of neurons and their functions:
Dendrites: branched structure that receives inputs and sends info to cell body
Cell body: processes information
Axon: long output portion that sends the info to another cell's dendrites
117
What is the function of the Integumentary System?
Protection, maintain constant body temp, provide sensory information about surrounding environment, Vitamin D Synthesis
118
What is the largest organ of the body?
Skin
119
What tissue is the Epidermis and Dermis made of?
Epidermis: Epithelial Tissue
Dermis: Connective tissue
120
What is subcutaneous layer composed of and its function?
Adipose Tissue Storage depot for fat
Blood vessels and nerves receptors
121
Cell types in the Epidermis and their functions:
Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, protects the skin from heat, microbes, chemicals, and excess water
Melanocytes: Produce yellow-red or black-brown pigment for skin color. Absorbs UV light, protection
Langerhans cells: Come from red bone marrow and functions to attack invading microbes
Merkel cells: sensory receptor, receives touch stimuli
122
Layers (strata) of the epidermis from deepest to superficial:
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (only in "thick skin"
Stratum Corneum
123
Where does apoptosis (cell death) start to occur within the epidermis?
Stratum Granulosum
124
What happens with psoriasis?
Keratinocytes divide and move to the surface quicker (about a week instead of a month). The treatment creams inhibit cell division and growth to stop this
125
Regions of the Dermis and what they're composed of:
Papillary: Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers, capillaries, touch receptors, and free nerve endings (pain receptors)
Reticular: Dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and sweat glands
126
Sensory Receptors and what they detect:
Free nerve endings: pain
Meissner's corpuscle: changes in texture, slow vibration, and light touch
Pacinian corpuscle: rapid vibration, deep pressure
Merkel's discs: sustained touch and pressure
Hair Root Plexus: position changes of hair
127
What pigments make the color of skin?
Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene
128
Most common skin cancers:
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
129
What is Carotene
Yellow-orange pigment found in carrots/egg yolks
Eating too much food with a lot of Carotene can turn your skin yellow-orangish
130
What happens with Albinism?
Body unable to produce melanin because tyrosine (amino acid) is not being synthesized = no melanin production
131
What happens with Vitiligo?
Partial or complete loss of melanocytes in areas leave large white batches
132
What is Cyanosis?
Blue color of skin due to decreased blood circulation (I.E less O2)
133
What is Jaundice?
Yellowish color of the skin to build up of bilirubin in blood (common in liver disease)
134
What is Erythema?
Redness of skin due to the dilation of capillaries. Common in exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, allergies, high BP, or alcoholism
135
What is Pallor?
Paleness of the skin due to decreased blood flow may be caused from shock or anemia
136
What is the function of hair?
Protection
137
What is hair made up of?
Dead keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins
138
What is the Papilla of the hair made of?
Areolar Connective Tissue and blood vessels and nerves
139
Why does hair turn gray or white with old age?
The melanocytes die off, normally due to lack of blood flow to the papilla
140
What are sebaceous glands and their function?
Oil glands, normally connected to the hair
Function: Secrete sebum, keeps hair from dying and becoming brittle, prevent evaporation of water, inhibits growth of certain bacteria
141
What is acne?
Inflammation of the sebaceous gland cause by bacteria getting into the gland. Causing whiteheads
142
What are Eccrine glands?
Sweat glands, active right after birth, used to regulate and release excess heat in the body
143
What are Apocrine glands?
Sweat gland activated around puberty. Normally connected to hair follicle. Stimulated with stress, excess activity, sexual excitement. Found in armpits, groin, genitals. Leads to body order.
144
What is the function of finger nails?
Protect the phalanges
145
Where is the Hyponychium located and what is it composed of?
Located below the free edge of the nail. Thickened layer of stratum corneum, helps with attachment of the nail
146
What produces the nail body?
The nail root
147
What does the nail matrix do?
Helps form the nail bed
148
What is the Eponychium?
The cuticle of nails
149
What is the white area of nails called?
Lunula - white because vessels are obscured
150
What causes clubbing of fingers to occur?
Lack of O2 (chronic hypoxia) or lung cancer
151
What causes Terry's nails?
Liver issues - Cirrhosis, disease
Congestive heart failure
Diabetes
152
What can cause pitting of nails?
Psoriasis
153
What causes Koilonychia (spoon nails)?
Iron deficiency
154
Why is vitamin D important?
Allow us to absorb calcium in GI tract - need calcium to strengthen bones, produce nerve impulses, blood clotting, muscle contraction
155
What are the phases of deep wound healing?
1. Inflammatory phase: blood clots to unite edges of wound
2. Migratory phase: Clot becomes a scat. Fibroblasts and WBC enter site to deposit collagen fibers and clean wound. Blood vessels begin to regrow
3. Proliferation phase: Regrowth of epithelial cells beneath the scab. Fibroblasts continue to deposit collagen fibers and blood vessels continue to develop
4. Maturation phase: Epidermis and dermis is restored, collagen fibers become more organized, and scab comes off
