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Unit One Flashcards

1
Q

Low energy status will stimulate

A

ATP generating pathways

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2
Q

Vitamin precursor of NAD

A

Niacin (B3)

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3
Q

example of ATP utilizing pathway

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Vitamin precursor of FAD

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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5
Q

What is substrate phosphorylation

A

Generation of ATP via oxidation of phosphorylated high energy intermediates

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6
Q

How to reduce molecules

A

Remove oxygen or add hydrogen or both

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7
Q

How many protons in redox of FAD

A

2

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8
Q

How many reactive sites of coenzyme A

A

1

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9
Q

What is convergent

A

Converge to a central metabolite

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10
Q

Do catabolic pathways require or generate energy

A

Generate

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11
Q

Fuel molecules with the highest oxidation number generates what

A

The greatest amount of energy after oxidation

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12
Q

Covalent modification uses

A

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, binding of regulatory proteins/allosteric effectors to regulatory site on enzyme

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13
Q

When delta G is positive, Keq is

A

Less than one

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14
Q

Coenzyme A derived from

A

Pantothenate (B5)

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15
Q

Oxidized form of NAD

A

NAD+

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16
Q

What is the universal currency of free energy in biological systems

A

ATP

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17
Q

What are the components of NAD

A

ADP, ribose, pyridine

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18
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

Intermediate molecules are the precursors to next reaction, end product will inhibit the first reaction.

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19
Q

What are the three ways metabolic processes are regulated

A

Control amount of enzymes, catalytic activity and accessibility to substrates

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20
Q

Why does ATP produce high energy of hydrolysis

A

Electrostatic repulsion of negative charges in ATP, resonance stabilization of hydrolytic products, and stabilization of hydrolytic products due to dissociation and hydration

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21
Q

Fuel molecules are

A

Compounds that have carbons with oxidation numbers greater than zero

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22
Q

Reduced form of FAD

A

FADH2

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23
Q

What are the three stages of catabolism

A

Macromolecules broken down, convergent pathway, further processing of acetyl Co-A to make ATP

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24
Q

Function of NAD

A

Activated electron carrier

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25
High energy status inhibits
ATP generating pathways
26
Phosphorylation potential depends on
Concentration of inorganic phosphate
27
What is the ATP source of muscle
Creatine phosphate
28
Is negative delta G endergonic or exergonic
Exergonic
29
Examples of anabolic pathways
Gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis
30
Common motif of FAD
ADP
31
What linkage is found in ATP
Phosphodiester linkage
32
What are oxidation numbers
Is the number of electrons assigned to that carbon
33
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in
Mitochondria
34
Examples of catabolic pathways
Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation
35
Does anabolic pathways require or generate energy
Require energy
36
Example of ATP generating pathways
Catabolism
37
Anabolic pathways are
Synthesis into macromolecules
38
Reduced form of NAD
NADH and H+
39
How to oxidize molecules
Add oxygen or remove hydrogen or both
40
Activated carriers are usually derived from
Vitamins
41
Anabolic pathways do what to molecules
Reduce them
42
Oxidized form of FAD
FAD
43
Examples of oxidation of fuel molecules
NAD+ and FAD
44
How does ATP provide stabilization of hydrolytic products through dissociation and hydration
More water can bind to ADP and Pi than to ATP, causing stabilization with ADP and Pi through hydration
45
Catabolic pathways produce what type of coenzymes
Reduced, NADH and QH2
46
How do unfavorable reactions become favorable and move forward in the reaction
Couple the unfavorable reaction with a large negative delta G (favorable reaction)
47
What type of molecule is ATP
Nucleotide
48
Catabolic pathways are inhibited by
High levels of ATP
49
Three main purposes of energy generation
Mechanical work for cellular movement and muscle contraction. Active transport of ions and molecules across membranes. Biosynthesis of macromolecules and cell division.
50
What does divergent mean
Can give rise to different macromolecules
51
Are catabolic pathways divergent or convergent
Convergent
52
What ATP formation pathway only occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
53
Are anabolic pathways convergent or divergent
Divergent
54
Example of regulating enzyme amount and activity
Rate of synthesis and degradation of transcription and translation (remember lactose gene expression)
55
How many electrons in FAD redox
2
56
Catabolic pathways are
Breakdown into non-toxic molecules from macromolecules
57
What activates anabolic pathways
High levels of ATP
58
Function of coenzyme A
Acyl group carrier
59
Function of FAD
Activated electron carrier
60
What are the substrates in substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphoenol pyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate
61
Examples of synthesis of biomolecules
NADP+
62
Fatty acid synthesis occurs
In cytoplasm
63
How many reactive sites in FAD
2
64
How does compartmentalization of biochemical processes enhance metabolic efficiency and regulation
Helps control the accessibility of the substrate
65
Breakdown of macromolecules is either endergonic or exergonic
Exergonic
66
Examples of covalent modification
Hormones used as regulators and are reversible
67
Common motif of NAD
ADP
68
Common motif of coenzyme A
ADP
69
How many electrons produced in redox of NAD
2
70
Is ATP hydrolysis positive or negative delta G
Negative delta G and is favorable
71
What group is at the reactive site
Sulfahydryl group
72
How does ATP provide resonance stabilization
Release of Pi causes ADP + Pi to have greater resonance stabilization than ATP
73
How many protons produced in redox of NAD
1
74
What is intermediary metabolism
Interaction coordinated by allosteric enzymes and regulatory molecules. Intermediate pathways are precursors for other pathways
75
When delta G is negative, Keq is
Greater than one
76
What are the three phosphorylated compounds that yield higher negative delta G than ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and creatine phosphate
77
Synthesis of complex molecules requires energy and is exergonic or endergonic
Endergonic
78
What is an important source of cellular energy with carbon fuels
Oxidation of carbon fuels
79
What is oxidative phosphorylation
Generation of ATP via proton motive force across membrane during oxidation of biological fuels in the presence of O2
80
What are the two pathways for ATP formation
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
81
How many reactive sites of NAD
1
82
Catabolic pathways do what to molecules
Oxidize molecules
83
What type of coenzymes are needed for anabolic pathways
Reduced, NADPH and QH2

Biochem 2 (5 decks)

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