Unit One Part One Vocab

Question 1

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological

Answer 1

Biological psychology

Question 2

This perspective explores how natural selection affects the expression of behavior and mental processes to increase survival

Answer 2

Evolutionary Perspective

Question 3

________ or ________, refers to genetic charateristics that influence physical, behavorial, and mental traits and processes

Answer 3

Nature or Heredity

Question 4

________ or ________ refers to the external factors that one experiences, such as family interactions or education

Answer 4

Nuture or enviroment

Question 5

The principle that inherited traits better enable an orgainism to survive and reproduce in a particular enviroment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations (Best genes)

Answer 5

Natural Selection

Question 6

Seeks to eradicate genetic defects and improve the genetic makeup of populations through selective human breeding

Think Hitler

Answer 6

Eugenics

Question 7

Reseach utilizing twins. Often involve comparing characteristics of identical and fraternal twins

Answer 7

Twin Studies

Question 8

CNS or ________ is primary involved in mental activites and in coordinating and intergrading incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

Answer 8

Central Nervous System

Question 9

PNS or ________ is the portion of the nervous system that lies outisde the brain and spinal cord- that is, all parts outide the central nervous system. Sensory and motor neurons that connect to CNS

Answer 9

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 10

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Self regulated
EX: heartbeat

Answer 10

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 11

The division of the peripheral nervous system that control the bosy’s skeletal muscles.Also called the skeletal nervous system. Movement/Position

Aware of

EX: Running, writing notes etc

Answer 11

Somatic Nervous System

Question 12

Divison of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body; mobilizing its energy
Fight or flight

Answer 12

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 13

Division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body; Conserving energy
Rest and Digest

Answer 13

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 14

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 14

Neuron

Question 15

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking and memory

Answer 15

Glial Cells

Question 16

A neural circuit that is involoved in a reflex. It consists of an afferent or sensory, neuron that conducts nerve impulses.

Answer 16

Reflex Arc

Question 17

Neurons that carry incoming information form the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 17

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

Question 18

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Answer 18

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Question 19

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Answer 19

Interneurons

Question 20

The principle that the amplitude of the action potenial in a neuron is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus. Thus, all stimuli above the neuron’s threshold trigger action potentials of identical magnitude

Answer 20

All or Nothing principle

Question 21

Positive outside, negative inside state- resting potential

Answer 21

Polarization

Question 22

Loss of the inside/outside charge difference, causes the next section of axon channels to open

Answer 22

Depolarization

Question 23

In nerual processing, a brief resting period occurs after a neuron has fired

Answer 23

Refractory period

Question 24

The electric potential across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is in the non excited, or resting state

Answer 24

Resting Period

Question 25

A neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

Answer 25

Reuptake

Question 26

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 26

Threshold

Question 27

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotions

Answer 27

Dopamine

Question 28

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

Answer 28

Serotonin

Question 29

Helps control alertness and arousal

Answer 29

Norepinephrine

Question 30

A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory, oversupply can stimulate the brain, producing seizures, tremors and insomnia

Answer 30

Glutamate

Question 31

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter, undersupply is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Answer 31

GABA

Question 32

A neurotransmitter in both peripheral and central nervous systems, it plays a role in the modulation of pain

Answer 32

Substance p

Question 33

Neurotransmitters that can influence the perception of pain or pleasure

Answer 33

Endorphins

Question 34

Enables muscle action, learning and memory

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Question 35

Chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstrem and affect other tissues

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

A neurotrasmitter, it plays a role in attention, focus, panic, and excitement

Answer 36

Adrenaline

Question 37

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Answer 37

Leptin

Question 38

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

Answer 38

Ghrelin

Question 39

Hormone; initiation of sleep and in the regulation of the sleep cycle

Answer 39

Melatonin

Question 40

Hormone that enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursing, and social connectedness/bonding

Answer 40

Oxytocin

Question 41

Scarring and inflammtion of the protective myelin sheath of nerves, which damages and destroys the sheath

Answer 41

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 42

An autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, causing faulty transmission of the nerve impulses at neuromuscular junctions

Answer 42

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 43

Exerts an activating downstream effect on postsynaptic neurons. That is, they depolarize the postsynaptic neurons, resulting in a GREATER likelihood of an action potential

Answer 43

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

Question 44

Resul in a SMALLER likelihood of an action potential by blocking or preventing the passage of a chemical message through the neural pathway

Answer 44

Inhibitory Neurotrasmitter

Question 45

A drug of chemical agent that binds to a particular receptor and produces a physiological effect, typically one similar to that of the body's own neurotransmitter at the receptor

Answer 45

Agonist Drugs

Question 46

A drug or other chemical agent that inhibits the action of another substance

Answer 46

Antagonist drugs

Question 47

Drugs (caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful drugs like cocaine. amphetiamines, methamphetamine and ecstasy) excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Answer 47

Stimulants

Question 48

Drugs (such as alcohol) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 48

Depressants

Question 49

Drugs, such as marijana or LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Answer 49

Hallucinogens

Question 50

Opium and its derivatives, like morphine and heroin depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 50

Opioids/Opiates

Question 51

With increasing doses, users start to crave the drug and continue to use it despite adverse consequences

Answer 51

Addiction

Question 52

The discomfort and distress that follows continuing the addictive drug; can cause a person to go back on the drug

Answer 52

Withdrawal

Question 53

With the continued use of drugs, brain chemistry adapts to the offset of the drug effect which then users require larger does to feel the effect of the drug

Answer 53

Tolerance

Question 54

Research conduted amoung siblilings, parents or children to assess gentic links

Answer 54

Family studies

Question 55

A research design that investigates the relationship amoung genetic and enviromnetal factos in development

Answer 55

Adoption Studies

Question 56

Oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the ________ is responsible for automatic functions

Answer 56

Brain stem

Question 57

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Answer 57

Medulla

Question 58

A part of the reticular formation thought to be particulatly involoved in the regulation of arousal, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles

Answer 58

Reticular Activation System

Question 59

The little brain at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinationg movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal/procedural learning and memory

Answer 59

Cerebellum

Question 60

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural calls covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's unlimite control and information-processing center. It is divided into four lobes

Answer 60

Cerebral Cortex

Question 61

The left and right halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain concerned with sensation and perception, motor control, and higher level cognitive processes are called

Answer 61

Hemispheres

Question 62

This half of the brain has a greater responsiblity for spatial attention

Answer 62

Right hemisphere

Question 63

This half of the brain has a greater responsibilty with speech

Answer 63

Left hemisphere

Question 64

Neural system (including the amygdala, hyothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

Answer 64

Limbic system

Question 65

The brains sensory control center, located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Answer 65

Thalamus

Question 66

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps to govern the endoctrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

Answer 66

Hypothalamus

Question 67

Endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the ________ gland regulates growth and controls other endoctrine glands

Answer 67

Pituitary gland

Question 68

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage of explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

Answer 68

Hippocampus

Question 69

Two lima bean sizewd neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion, including fear and aggression

Answer 69

Amygdala

Question 70

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Answer 70

Corpus Callosum

Question 71

The ________ Lobes generally control visual infomation processing and are located in the rear ofthe brain

Answer 71

Occipital Lobes

Question 72

The ________ Lobes generally control auditory and linguistic processing and are located on the sides of the brain

Answer 72

Temporal Lobes

Question 73

The ________ Lobes generally control association areas, which process and organize information, and the somatosensory cortex, whoch processes touch sensitivity. There lobes are located near the back crown of the brain

Answer 73

Parietal Lobes

Question 74

The ________ lobes located just behind the forehead, generally control linguistic processing, higher order thinking, and executive functioning especially in the Prefrontal cortex.

Answer 74

Frontal Lobes

Question 75

The ________ Cortex is located at the rear of the frontal lobes and controls most types of skeletal movement

Answer 75

Motor Cortex

Question 76

____________ is achieved by severing the corpus callosum, reveals that the right and left hemispheres of the brain may specialize in different activities

Answer 76

Split Brain Reseach

Question 77

This area in the left hemisphere of the brain specializing in speech production

Answer 77

Broca's Area

Question 78

This area in the left hemisphere of the brain specializing in speech comprehension

Answer 78

Wernicke's Area

Question 79

This type of patient has their Corpus Callosum severed in half

Answer 79

Split Brain Patient

Question 80

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage eith to Broca's Area or Wernicke's Area

Answer 80

Aphasia

Question 81

________ is the ability of the brain to rewire itself or modify or create new connections throughout development and generally allows for the function of a damaged part of the brain to be assumed by a different part of the brain

Answer 81

Brain Plasticity | Phineas Gage

Question 82

Research on the brain is done using _________ Used to view clear images of the brain structures

Answer 82

Brain Scans

Question 83

Studies brain waves

Answer 83

EEG

Question 84

used to localize areas cognitive activiation based on the correlation between brain activity and blood property

Answer 84

fMRI

Question 85

Any disruption of or damage to the normal sturcture or function of an organ or part of an organ due to injury, disease or a surgical procedure

Answer 85

Lesioning