Unit One Part Two Vocab Flashcards by Indica Scheufele

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal and psychological processes

Biological Psychology

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A Circadian state characterized by partial or total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle stimulation. Other characteristics include unique sleep-related electoencephalogram and brain-imaging patterns. These characteristics help distingish normal sleep from a loss of consciousness due to brain injury, disease or drugs

Sleep

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A condition of awareness of one’s surroundings, generally coupled with an ability to communicate with others or to signal understanding of what is being communicated by others. It is characterized by low-amplitude, irregular, fast wave electrical activity in the raw electroencephalogram

Wakefulness

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Our biological clock: regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

Circadian Rhythm

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An example of this is Jet Lag: ________ results from traveling through several time zones in a short time span

Disruptions to Circadian Rhythm

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________ occur as one enters initial Stage 1 sleep. They are bizarre experiences, such as jerking or feeling of falling or floating weightless, while transitioning to sleep

Hypnagogic Sensations

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This is a very light sleep, our brain is still fairly active and responsive to sensations around us

NREM 1 or Stage 1

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Alpha waves

NREM 1 or Stage 1

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Light sleep, transitional sleep

NREM 2 or Stage 2

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Theta Waves

NREM 2 or Stage 2

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A deep sleep, heaviest sleep, slow waves, get shorter throughout the night

NREM 3 or Stage 3

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Delta Waves

NREM 3

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This stage contains night terrors, sleep walking, and sleep talking

NREM 3

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During the ____________ stages of every cycle, we get deeper and deeper into our feeling of sleep. It is harder to wake us, it takes longer to get stimulation to wake us up. We are transitioning, lowering, and slowing down (Heart rate, blood pressure, temp)

NREM stages 1-3

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Paradoxical sleep, dreams typically occur during ________. We are sound asleep but internally we are very awake- our brains are active, our internal systems are active too.

REM sleep

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Gets longer throughout the night

REM sleep

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Beta Waves

REM Sleep

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Nightmare/bad dreams occur in this stage

REM Sleep

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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Dreaming

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The increased occurence of REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation

REM Rebound

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Dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity. REM sleep triggers neural acivity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Activation Synthesis Dream Theory

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Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Consolidation Dream Theory

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Sleep helps us organize, restore and rebuild our memories of the day’s experience

Memory Consolidation Theory of Sleep

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Based on an evolutionary approach, sleep preserves energy and protects us

Energy Conservation Theory of Sleep

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Many disorders interrupt healthy sleep, and their effects on waking behavior and health vary. ________ can affect physical and cognitive performance during wakefulness. Treating sleep disorders and following regular sleep schedules can improve waking performance and overall well-being

Sleep Disruption Effects

A persistant disturbance of typical sleep patterns (including amount, quality, and timing of sleep) or the chronic occurence of abnormal events or behavior during sleep

Sleep disorders

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep Causes: Stress, genetics, lifestyles and Caffine Symtoms: Tired, waking up too early, feeling depressed or cranky

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Narcolepsy

This sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasent dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arms and leg movements during REM sleep

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A sleep disorder charachterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Sleep Apnea | HINT: SNORING

Also know as sleep walking, when people get up and walk around while asleep

Somnambulism

The sense of sight, in which the eye is the receptor and the stimulus is radiant energy in the visible spectrum

Vision

The light senseitive inner surface at the back of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information that is transduced to the brain for processing

Retina

The point at which the optic nerve leaves teh eye, creating a "____________" because no receptor cells are located there

Blindspot

The process by which the focus of the eye is changed to allow near or distant object form sharp images on the retina. When this process is altered, nearsightedness or farsightedness can occur

Accommodation

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. Visual stimuli are focused onto the retina by the ________ via a process called accommodation

Lens

Evidence of incomplete images captured by the retina is demostrated by the presence of the blindspot, where the visual nerve exits the eye. The brain fills in the gaps in the incomplete retinal images to perceive a relatively complete picture of the world

Incomplete Retinal Images

Also called Hyperopia, is a refractive error due to an abnoramlly short eyeball, which causes the image of close objects to be blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies behind, rather than on, the retina

Farsightedness

Also called Myopia a refractive error due to an abnormally long eye. The retinal image is blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies in front of, rather than on, the retina

Nearsightedness

Cells that lie in the periphery of the eye and dectect shapes and movemnt but not color.

Rods

The process by which he eye adjusts to conditions of high illumination, as occurs when a person exits a dark theaher into a sunny parking lot. it takes less than 10 minutes and involves the constriction of the pupil

Light adaptation

The theroy that opposing retinal processes(red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vison,

Opponent process color theory

The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated, in combination, can produce the perception of any color

Trichromatic Color Theory

Photoreceptors cells located in the fovea of the eye that process color and detail are called ____________.

Cones (blue/Red)

________ result when certain ganglion cells in the retina are activated while others are not, The ganglion cells involved in this opponent process are red/green, blue/yellow and black/white

Afterimages

The only type of neuron in the retina that sends signals to the brain resulting from visual stimulation

Ganglion Cells

The central focus point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster (highest Acuity)

Fovea

Involves damage or irregularities to one or more cones or ganglion cells. Includes Dichromatism or monochromatism

Color deficiency

Partial color blindness only two cones work Red-green color blindness

Dichromatism

Partial color blindness One cone works one shade of color

Monochromatism

Face blindness

Prosopagnosia

Neuronlogical condition where someone can percive the location of the object despit being blind

Blindsight

Sounds occur through movement of air molecules at different wavelengths and amplitudes

Sound waves

The principle where an auditory nerve respond to one or another stimulus in a rapid succession of rythmic sound

Volley theory

The theory that (a) sounds of different frequencies stimulate different PLACES along the basilar membrane and (b) pitch is coded by the PLACE of maximal stimulation

Place theory

According to this theory, the wavelength of a tone is precisley replicate in the electrical impulses tranmitted through the auditiry nerve

Frequency Theory

How we identify where sounds in our enviroment are coming from

Sound Localization

Loss of hearing due to a disorder in the structures that transmit sound to the cochlea. Causes are injury or disease

Conduction Deafness

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or the auditory nerves also called nerve deafness

Sensorineural Deafness

A chemical signal that is released outside the body by members of a species and that influences the behavior of the other memebers of the same species. Attracts mates

Pheromones

The senses receptive to chemical stiumlation particularly the senses of smell and taste

Chemical Senses

Structures in the nose and brain process and/or transduce stimuli. Smell is the only sense not process first in the thalamus of the brain

Olfactory system

The sense of taste, and the trypes of tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory), oleogustus. Structures in the tongue, mouth, and brain process

Gustation

Lots and lots of taste buds

Supertasters

The chemical senses interact to create the sensation of taste. Without the sense of smell, taste sensation are either muted or not experienced

Sensory interaction

Structures in the skin and brain process and/or transduce touch stimuli. The sensation hot or pain

Touch- sturctures in skin

A gate is used to allow or stop pain

Gate control theory

The feeling that an amputated limb is still present, often manifested as a tingling or paniful sensation in the area or the missing limb

Phantom Limb syndrome

controls BALANCE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

Vestibular Sense

filled with fluid and helps maintain balance

Semicircular Canals

bodies MOVEMENT/POSITION

Kinesthesis

THe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviroment.

Sensation

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus

Threshold(Absoulte)

Convestion of one form of energy into another

Transduction

The minimum difference between two simuli required for detection

Just noticable Difference (difference threshold)

Diminished sensitivity as a aconsequence of constant stimulation (jewlery, clothing, hair)

Sensory adaptation

The principle that, to be perceived as differnet, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

Webers Law

one sense may influence another

Seneory interaction

stimulation of one sense generates a simultaneous sensation in another. listening to music --> color in head one senes into another

Synesthesia

The ability of the eye to adjust to conditions of low illumination by means of an increased sesitivity to light. The bulk of the process takes 30 minutes and involves the expansion of the pupils

Dark adaptation