Unit Zero Vocab Flashcards by Indica Scheufele

The scienticfic study of behavior and mental processes

Psychology

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A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthly people

Humanistic Psychology

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A scientific study of OBSERVABLE behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

Behavioral Psychology

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Hint; Genetic, neural, hormonal

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological

Biological Psychology

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The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Cognitive Psychology

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The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

Evolutionary Psychology

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PAST

A branch of psychology that studies how the unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorder

Psychodynamic psychology

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CULTURE

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

Social-Culture psychology

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An intergrated approach that incorparates biological, psychological, and socal-cultural levels of analysis

Biopsychsocial approach

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shared beliefs, expectations, rules, values and behaviors that are considered typical, acceptables, or appropriate within a group or society

Why is this bad for reseachers?

Cultural Norms

Because reseacher can misinterpt behaviorsor the group they are reseachi

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A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Why is this bad for reseachers?

Confirmation Bias

Not looking at opposing evidence

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I knew it all along!

The tenddency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Why is this bad for reseachers?

Hindsight Bias

Getting wrong results

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The tendency to be confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Why is this bad for reseachers?

Overconfidence

Overestimate their knowledge and skip details and info

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A testable prediction

Hypothesis

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A theory or hypothesis is considered ____________ if it can be proven false through evidence.

Falsifiable

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A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a reseach study

Operational Definitions

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In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Experimental group

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In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to treatment

Control group

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The experimental factor that is manipulated: variable being studied

Independent Variable

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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations

Dependent Variable

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A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

Confounding Variables

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Results based on expectation of the treatment

Placebo

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A procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental conditions under which they are operating

Single-Blind

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Drug evaluations

A procedure in which both the participants and the experiments interacting with them are unaware of the particular experimental conditions.

Double Blind

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A subset of a population

Sample

All those in a group being studied, from which samples must be drawn

Population

The selection of study from a larger group in an unbiased way, such that the sample obtained accuratly reflects the total population

Representative Sample

A process for selecting a sample of study participants from a larger potential group of individuals, such that each person has the same fixed probability of being included in the sample

Random Sampling

Any process for selecting a sample of individuals or cases that is neither random nor systematic but rather is governed by chance or ready availability

Convenience Sampling

To generalize from a few vivid, but unrepresentative cases HANDPICKING

Sampling Bias

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre exisiting differences between the different groups

Random assignment

The extent to which results or findings obtained from a sample are applicable to a broader population

Generalizablilty

The bias or tendency of individuals to present themselves in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

Social Desirability Bias

Referring to a variable, study, or analysis that involves a method of inquiry based on descriptive data without the use of numbers

Qualitative Data

Involving the use of numerical measurement system to analyze data

Quantitative Data

The evaluation of scientific or academic work, such as research or articles submitted to journals for publication, by other qualified professionals practicing in the same field

Peer Review

Repeating the essence of a reseach study, usually with different participants in different situations

Replication

# ACCURATE The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Validity

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores | Ex: dipping a thermometer in water multiple times

Reliability

_________contributes to a result. In non-experimental research, they are not manipulated or controlled

Variables

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Case Study

A measure of the extent to which two variables change TOGETHER, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

Correlation

A quantitative technique that combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic to form a single, objective conclusion

Meta- Analysis

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Naturalistic Observation

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Experimental

In correlation research, the situation in which it is known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect

Directionality Problem

When two variables, a and b, are found to be postively and negatively correlated, it does not nessarily mean that one causes the other: It may be that changes in an unmeaured or unintened thir variable, c, are causing random and coincidental relationship between the two variables

Third Variable Problem

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or bahaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Survey Technique

People may not give answers that are fully correct either because they do not know the full answer or because they seek to make a good impression

Self Report Bias

A committee named by an agency or institution to review reseach proposals originating within that agency for ethical acceptability and compliance with this organizations codes of conduct

Institutional Review Board

An ethical prinicple that reseach participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Informed consent

An ethical principle that involoves obtaining agreement to participate in a study from particpants who are not leagally able to provide informed consent

Informed Assent

An ethical principle that requires reseachers to protect and create safeguards fro participants from physical, mental, and/or emotional harm

Protection from Harm

An ethical principle that requires reseachers to limit the disclosure of a participants identifiable information

Confidentiality

Any distortion of or withholding of fact with the purpose of misleading others

Deception

In an experimental situation, an aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment | EX: an actor in an experiment

Research confederate

The process of providing participants with a fuller explanation of the study, after it have been completed; including its purpose and any deceptions

Debriefing

Adding the scores and then diving by the number of scores

Mean

The middle score: half above, half below

Median

The most frequent occuring number

Mode

The differnece between the highest and lowest scores

Range

A symetrical, bell-shaped curve that decribes the distribution of many types of data (68-95-98)

Normal curve

The degree of variance or dispersion (spread) of values that is obtained for a specific variable

Variation

The degree to which a set of scores, measurements, or other numbers are asymmetrically distruted around a central point | Think: about how a normal curve shifts

Skewness

A set of scores with two peaks or modes around which values tend to cluster

Bimodel distribution

A measure of the variability of a set of scores or values within a group, indicating how narrowly or broadly they deviate from the mean

Standard deviation

A statistical measure used to indicate the relative standing of a score within a group

Percentile Rank

The tendency for extremely high or low scores to fall back (closer to the mean) upon retesting over time

Regression Toward The Mean

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables, The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship

Scatterplot

A numerical index reflecting the degree of linear relationship between two variables. (-1, 0, 1)

Correlation Coefficient

A statisticial measure of magnitude strength or meaningfulness of a relationship between two variable (small >.2, medium .2-.5, large <.5)

Effect size

a degree to which research outcome cannot be resonably be attributed to the operation of chance or random factors

Statitsical Significance