Unit One Test

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental process

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

any movement or posture produced by and individual that influences its relationship to the environment

Question 3

Mental Process

Answer 3

things such as thinking and feeling that can’t be directly observed

Question 4

Tabula Rasa

Answer 4

the idea that at birth, human minds are a blank slate

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

the idea that certain smaller elements combine to create the entire mental experience (Wilhelm Wundt who established the first psychology lab in German in late 1800’s and his student Edward Titchener)

Question 6

Introspection

Answer 6

individuals describe their mental processes

Question 7

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 7

idea that the whole of perception is greater than the sum of the parts (Max Wertheimer)

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

how does a behavior assit an organism with survival and/or reproduction in its environment (based on Darwin’s idea, William James this was his idea)

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

the idea that since the mind can’t be directly observed only observable behavior should be studied

Question 10

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 10

modern study of mental process such as problem solving or memory (Ulric Neisser)

Question 11

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 11

behavior is the result of unconscious and often conflicting desires ‘psychodynamics’

Question 12

Humanism

Answer 12

emphasizes free will of people to choose their own behavior states that people are innately good until corrupted with society

Question 13

Biological Perspective

Answer 13

examines the physical causes for behavior

Question 14

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 14

takes the history of the species into consideration when examining behavior. Asks how a behavior (currently or in the past) assists with survival/reproduction

Question 15

Developmental Psychology

Answer 15

how behavior changes across the lifespan

Question 16

Social Psychology

Answer 16

how other people affect thoughts and behavior

Question 17

Clinical Psychology

Answer 17

identify and treat abnormal behavior

Question 18

Individual Differences

Answer 18

studies the varieties of behavior instead of averages associated with the study of personality

Question 19

What is the Nature of Science?

Answer 19

• Determine what the claim is
• What evidence is there to support the claim?
• Are there other ways to look at the data?
• Are there other data that would be useful?
• Whats the best conclusion?

Question 20

What are the goals of psychology?

Answer 20

• describe behavior
• predict behavior
• explain behavior
• control behavior

Question 21

What is the scientific method?

Answer 21

• test hypothesis
• analyze and interpret data
• reject/revise hypothesis
• peer review

Question 22

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 22

Value between -1 and 1 that indicates the strength of the correlation between two variables

Question 23

Independent Variable

Answer 23

the researchers manipulates

Question 24

Dependent Variable

Answer 24

a variable that is potentially changed as the result of the experiment

Question 25

Between Subjects

Answer 25

different subjects appear in groups that differ with respect to the independent variable

Question 26

Within Subjects

Answer 26

the same subjects are measured before and after a treatment and the measurement are compared (tested at different times)

Question 27

Confounding variables

Answer 27

any other variable that might affect an outcome

Question 28

Cohort Effect

Answer 28

historical factor that influence an age group

Question 29

Validity

Answer 29

the extent to which a study actually measures the concept it is suppose to measure

Question 30

Inter-Rater Reliability

Answer 30

how likely it is that 2 people take the same measurement and get the same outcome

Question 31

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 31

mean, median and mode

Question 32

Standard Deviation

Answer 32

a measure of variability that tells us how tightly clustered the scores are around the mean (low scores are tightly clustered, high means it's more spread out)

Question 33

Genotype

Answer 33

the complement of genes (heredity) a particular organism has

Question 34

Phenotype

Answer 34

observable characteristics of an organism

Question 35

Alleles

Answer 35

different versions of a gene

Question 36

Heritability

Answer 36

the portion of phenotypic variation in a population that can be attributed to genotypic variation (Natural Selection can only act on traits that can be heritable)

Question 37

'R' the Coefficient of Relatedness

Answer 37

the statistical probability that individuals share a particular gene in common as the results of recent common descent - parent/offspring/siblings=.5 - aunts/uncles/niece/nephew=.25 - grandparent/half-siblings=.25 - identical twin=1 - first cousins=.125

Question 38

MHC-Major Histocompatibility Complex

Answer 38

suite of genes that affect the immune systems

Question 39

Neurons

Answer 39

nerve cells, transmit and process information in the neurons systems

Question 40

Soma

Answer 40

cell body of the neuron that contains the nucleus

Question 41

Dentrite

Answer 41

branched structure attached to the soma that receives information from the terminal buttons of the neurons

Question 42

Axon

Answer 42

thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma to its terminal buttons

Question 43

Terminal Buttons

Answer 43

bud at the end of the axon that sends information to another neuron

Question 44

Astroglia

Answer 44

form a mesh in which neurons are suspended, assist with passage of chemicals from blood to neurons

Question 45

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 45

send out extensions that wrap around axons with myelin (fatty insulating substance)

Question 46

Action Potential

Answer 46

electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron and leads to chemical communication with another neuron

Question 47

Synapse

Answer 47

a junction between the terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of another neuron

Question 48

Synaptic Vesicle

Answer 48

contain neurotransmitters, fuse with the neuronal membrane to release neurotransmitters into synapse

Question 49

Receptors

Answer 49

channel in the receiving membrane that receives neurotransmitters

Question 50

Reuptake

Answer 50

neurotransmitters return to their original neuron and are take back in some are broken down by enzyme are reused