Unit Two Test

Question 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 1

includes brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 2

all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 3

nerves that connect sense organ to CNS and CNS to muscle and glands. Includes movement

Question 4

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 4

neurons that control involuntary muscles like heart, intestines ect. Important for homeostasis

Question 5

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 5

a network of nerves that prepare the body for vigorous activity-‘fight or fight’. Increase respiration and heart rate, decrease digestion

Question 6

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 6

network of nerves that facilitate non-emergency responses, ex. increase digestion, decrease heart rate, decrease respiration-rest and digest

Question 7

Mirror Neurons

Answer 7

neurons in the premotor cortex fire when performing an action as well as seeing someone else perform the action (they do not respond well to video or picture of movement)

Question 8

What are the brain areas?

Answer 8

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

Question 9

Pons

Answer 9

located in the hindbrain, bulge in brainstem relays information from cerebrum, plus has nuclei that deals with sleep, arousal and facial expression

Question 10

Medulla

Answer 10

located in the hindbrain, an enlarged extension of the spinal cord. Involved in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and salivating (contains part of the reticular formation)

Question 11

Cerebellum

Answer 11

large hindbrain structure that is involved with control of movement accuracy and timing. More nerve cells are here than the rest of the brain combined

Question 12

Tegmentum

Answer 12

many areas involved in reflexes

Question 13

Reticular Formation

Answer 13

located in midbrain-large structure with many nuclei that occupies the core of the brain stem, involved w/sleep, arousal, attention, muscle tone, movement and other reflexes

Question 14

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

Answer 14

involved with species-typical behaviors like fighting or mating, also with pain sensitivity

Question 15

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 15

located in the forebrain-convoluted outer layer the cerebrum, and subcortical structures

Question 16

What does the cerebral cortex consist of?

Answer 16

Thalamus 
Basal Ganglia 
Hypothalamus 
Hippocampus 
Cingulate Cortex
Amygdala 
Nucleus accumbens

Question 17

Thalamus

Answer 17

relay station of the brain, all sense (except olfaction) pass through thalamus before continuing on to the cerebral cortex

Question 18

Basal Ganglia

Answer 18

group of structures involved in cognition and voluntary movement

Question 19

Huntington’s Chorea and Tourette’s Syndrome

Answer 19

characterized by involuntary twitches or ties

Question 20

What is Parkinson’s disease

Answer 20

is caused by degeneration in structure of the basal ganglia

Question 21

Cingulate gyrus

Answer 21

cortex that is found in the longitudinal fissure (splits brain in half from front to back)

Question 22

Cingulate Cortex

Answer 22

is involved with formation of long term memories coordination of sensation with emotion, emotional response to pain, aggression, shifting attention from one task to another, motivation, detecting errors

Question 23

Akinetic Mutism

Answer 23

individuals with lesions in the cingulate cortex are awake and vigilant, but do not speak or move (aka vigilant coma) those that recover claim they heard requests

Question 24

Cerebrum

Answer 24

the large area that we generally think of as the “the brain”

Question 25

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 25

outer covering of the cerebrum

Question 26

What are the brains four lobes?

Answer 26

Frontal Occipital Temporal Parietal

Question 27

Frontal Lobe

Answer 27

contains primary motor cortex (initiation of movement) and prefrontal cortex

Question 28

Occipital Lobe

Answer 28

contains primary visual area, damage to part of the occipital lobe leads to blindness in related visual field (on opposite side)

Question 29

Temporal Lobe

Answer 29

involved with processing auditory information, and also more visual aspects such as recognition of faces

Question 30

Parietal Lobe

Answer 30

contains primary somatosensory cortex which relays information about touch, and body positions

Question 31

Corpus Callosum

Answer 31

connects the 2 hemisphere of the brain and allows them to communicate, leads to a unified experience (perceptions, memory)

Question 32

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 32

Part of prefrontal cortex involved with decision making, emotion and reward

Question 33

Broca's

Answer 33

area in the frontal lobe involved with speech

Question 34

Sensation

Answer 34

when a sensory system detects a stimulus, light strikes the retina sound vibrates the inner ear

Question 35

Perception

Answer 35

when the brain process and interprets a sensation

Question 36

Transduction

Answer 36

the process of translating a stimulus into a neural signal

Question 37

Selective Attention

Answer 37

focusing on some information while excluding other infor

Question 38

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 38

reduction in response to a repeated stimulus

Question 39

Bottom-up Processing

Answer 39

use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

Question 40

Top-down Processing

Answer 40

use of prior knowledge to perceive information

Question 41

Cornea

Answer 41

clear outer covering at the front of the eye

Question 42

Iris

Answer 42

muscle controlling the amount of light entering the eye, what gives our color

Question 43

Pupil

Answer 43

opening in the iris through which light passes

Question 44

Lens

Answer 44

structure behind the pupil that can change shape

Question 45

Retina

Answer 45

light sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye

Question 46

Cones

Answer 46

receptors in the retina that specialize in color and detail

Question 47

Rods

Answer 47

receptors in the retina that specialize in light

Question 48

Fovea

Answer 48

area in the center of the retina used for sharp, central vision

Question 49

Optic Disk

Answer 49

where all backward facing light sensing cells bundle together and exit the eye at one central point. Leads to a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the back of the retina

Question 50

Figure and Ground

Answer 50

we tend to identify main objects and background

Question 51

Proximity

Answer 51

things that are close together are grouped together

Question 52

Continuity

Answer 52

points that form a smooth line probably belong to the same object

Question 53

closure

Answer 53

people see an unbroken image even when there are gaps

Question 54

Simplicity

Answer 54

we usually assume the simplest solution

Question 55

Pareidolia

Answer 55

when a vague stimulus is perceived as being important or relevant even when it's not

Question 56

Myopia

Answer 56

can see things close but not far away (nearsightedness) due to a horizontally elongated eye

Question 57

Hyperopia

Answer 57

Can see things far away, but not up close (farsightedness) due to a vertically elongated eye

Question 58

Ultrasound

Answer 58

sounds above the frequency of human hearing

Question 59

Infrasound

Answer 59

sounds below the frequency of human hearing

Question 60

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 60

direct perception of pain

Question 61

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 61

immediate emotional reaction to pain

Question 62

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 62

long-term emotional component of pain

Question 63

Olfactory Nerve

Answer 63

takes information from the nose directly to the olfactory bulb and amygdala in the brain

Question 64

Papillae

Answer 64

bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds

Question 65

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Answer 65

symptoms of depression associated with shorted days of winter

Question 66

Melatonin

Answer 66

hormone secreted by the pineal gland at night which has regulated the sleep/wake cycle

Question 67

REM

Answer 67

rapid eye movement when sleeping

Question 68

N-REM

Answer 68

non rapid eye movement when sleeping