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Medical Science > Unit One x > Flashcards

Unit One x Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 5 lifestyle factors which increase the rate of heart disease

A

Genetics , drugs / alcohol, diet , blood pressure, age

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2
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The measure of hydrostatic force of blood against the body’s vessel walls .

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3
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

It is the build up of plaque around the lining of the artery walls and if ruptured causes heart attacks and blood clots .

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

A

Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids .

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5
Q

Explain the difference between monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fat .

A

Monounsaturated- is a fat with only one double carbon bond .
Polyunsaturated- two or more double carbon bond .
Saturated- only single carbon bonds .

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6
Q

Describe the structure of steroid , such as cholesterol

A

Four ringed structure .

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7
Q

Give five roles of fat in the body .

A
  1. Insulation
  2. Protects vital organs
  3. Long term energy store
  4. Cell membranes are made out of it
  5. Supports cell growth
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8
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails .

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9
Q

Do humans have a single or double circulatory system ?

A

Double

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10
Q

What are two advantages of the heart

A

Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood don’t mix therefore as much oxygen as possible gets to the cells .

Fully oxygenated blood can be delivered to cells at high pressure

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11
Q

What does the blood move via

A

Blood moves via mass flow

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12
Q

What is the heart

A

A muscular wall
Contracts to pump blood around the lungs/body
4 chambers

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13
Q

Why do larger organisms need a circulatory system

A

Diffusion is insufficient
Small surface area to volume ratio
High metabolic rate

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14
Q

What are the two types of chambers

A

Atria and ventricles

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15
Q

What separates the atrium and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves separate the atrium and ventricles and prevent back flow

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16
Q

What type of blood does the right side pump

A

Deoxygenated

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17
Q

What type of blood the left side pump

A

Oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Out of atria and ventricles which have thicker and thinner walls

A

Atria have thinner walls
Ventricles have thicker walls

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19
Q

Where does the hearts blood supply come from

A

Coronary arteries

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20
Q

What is the ( proper ) name of the three types of blood cells ?

A

Leucocoyte
Thrombocyte
Erthrocyte

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21
Q

What is the function of each of these ?

A

Leucocyte - to defend the body against infections .
Thrombocyte - to help the blood clot .
Erythrocytes - transport gases and nutrients round the body .

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22
Q

What is the name and function of the the fluid part of the blood ?

A

Plasma
To transport nutrients into cells and to transport toxic substances out of said cell

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23
Q

What are the four blood types ?

A

A
B
AB
O

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24
Q

What is different about each of these blood types ?

A

The different antigens on the outside of the cell and if there is rhesus antigen

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25
What does an ecg trace show ?
The electrical activity that spreads through the heart during the cardiac cycle .
26
Draw and label an ECG trace with the events that happen at each wave .
P Wave - depolarisation of the atria corresponding to atrial systole . QRS wave - spread of depolarisation through the ventricles resulting in ventricular systole. T wave - repolarisation of the ventricles resulting in ventricular diastole.
27
How do u carry out an ECG ?
28
Find an ECG and use it to calculate heart rate for that person
29
What is asthma ?
It is the swelling and tightening of the bronchi and lots of excess restricting the airway .
30
What is COPD ?
It is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it is a mixture of various respiratory diseases that can cause the airway to be blocked and other breathing issues .
31
How can each of these affect the ability of a person to exhale ?
These can constrict the volume of air that goes into the lungs and the amount that is transferred to the rest of the body and makes the chest feel tight due to the extra strain on this which makes it hard to exhale .
32
How can each of these affect the lung capacity of a person ?
This will mean that the lung capacity will be lower than the average person because of the extra strain and the lack of diffusion happening within the lungs .
33
What are the things that could give you a false result for a peak flow .
Sitting No seal around the peak flow Not doing a hard and fast exhale .
34
What are the limitations of an ecg ?
Sometimes are put on in the incorrect places so give a false reading . It only shows the cardiac cycle for the heart .
35
What are the limitations of using a blood pressure machine
They are lots of ways for it to give a false reading e.g Arm raised to high Patient talking /moving Cuff on upside down Incorrect cuff size And drinking / smoking 30 mins before the exam
36
Define active transport
37
Define simple and facilitated diffusion
38
Use a diagram to explain endocytosis and exocytosis
39
Draw and label a cell membrane
40
Explain why we call it a fluid mosaic mode
41
What are the three layers of skin called ?
42
List the main components of the lymphatic system
43
What is the function of the lymphatic system
44
Draw and label a lymph node
45
How is lymph fluid formed ?
46
Draw and label a cross section of skin
47
What is the function of a sweat gland
48
What is the function of a sebaceous gland
49
What happens to the body when we get too hot
50
What happens to the body when we get too cold
51
Which part of the brain is responsible for the Thermoregulation
52
What does CNS do ?
53
Draw and label a motor neurone
54
Draw and label a reflex arc
55
What is the function of all reflexes
56
What is CNS ?
57
What is an action potential ?
58
Draw and label a synapse
59
Draw a flow diagram of the events that happen during synaptic transmission
60
List 4 ways things can reduce synaptic transmission
61
List four ways that drugs can enhance synaptic transmission
62
List the social effects of addiction
63
List the emotional consequences of addiction
64
List the physical consequences of addiction to alcohol
65
State the 5 function of skeleton
66
State the 5 function of skeleton
67
Draw and label a synovial joint
68
What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?
69
What is the function of joints?
70
What do ligaments and tendons do?
71
Explain how monosaccharides react together to form disaccharides
72
Explain how monosaccharides react together to form polysaccharides
73
Explain how disaccharides /polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides
74
Define the term triose, Pentose and hexose sugar
75
Draw alpha glucose and number the carbons
76
Draw and label a villi
77
2) Explain how a villi is adapted for absorption
78
3) Describe the role of a lacteal
79
4) Describe the role of mucus in the digestive system
80
5) Describe the purpose of endoscopy and gastroscopy
81
6) Write the key points in how endoscopy works
82
7) Which conditions can be monitored by endoscopy
83
Draw the structure of an amino acid,circle and label the functional groups
84
Describe how amino acids react together to form a polypeptide
85
Give a definition of the primary structure of a protein
86
Describe how the secondary structure of a protein forms from the primary structure
87
Describe how the tertiary structure of a protein forms from the secondary structure
88
Explain how the primary structure of a protein determines the functional shape of the protein
89
Describe the dipole nature of water
90
List the properties of water
91
Label the main endocrine organs on a diagram
92
Describe how blood glucose is controlled
93
Define negative feedback
94
Describe the two functions of the kidney
95
Draw and label a nephron with the main events in each section
96
Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation
97
Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation
98
Describe the types of urodynamic testing that can happen
99
Explain what these tests can show
100
Define osmoregulation
101
What is ear wax ?
102
How does ear wax function as a defence
103
What is nose / mouth / tears secretions ?
104
How does nose/mouth/tears secretions do as a defence
105
What is stomach acid ?
106
How does stomach acid act as a defence
107
What is gut flora
108
How does gut flora work as a defence
109
What is mucus / cilia ?
110
How does mucus / cilia act as a defence
111
What is keratin ?
112
How does keratin work as a defence
113
What is a scab ?
114
How does a scab work as a defence ?
115
What is macrophage/neutrophil ?
116
How does macrophage/neutrophil act as a defence ?
117
What are the physical barriers that stop infection ?
118
How does each barrier work ?
119
Describe the process of phagocytosis
120
What is inflammation
121
Define these words in terms of the genetic code
122
Which enzymes are involved in transcription
123
Draw and label the general structure of a virus
124
What does HIV stand for
125
How does HIV infect cells
126
What does HIV do to the body
127
What does HPV stand for
128
What can HPV do to the body
129
Define terms dominant and recessive
130
Define terms phenotype and genotype
131
Draw a punnet square to show how a dominant disease is inherited
132
Draw a punnet square to show how a recessive disease is inherited
133
Describe how a sex linked disease is inherited

Medical Science (2 decks)

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