Unit Seven

Question 1

Proactive inhibition

Answer 1

The impairment of performance on a task due to the learning of a precious task

Question 2

Retroactive inhibition

Answer 2

The impairment of performance on a task due to the learning of a subsequent task

Question 3

Serial anticipation learning

Answer 3

A method of learning a list of verbal responses in which the subject is required to name the next item on the list being presented with the previous item

Question 4

Paired associates learning

Answer 4

A lesrning task in which sa number of word pairs are used . The learner is presented with one word - a stimulus word and is required to provide the associated response word

Question 5

Free recall

Answer 5

A task in which the learner is required to name as many items she can after exposure to those items . No specific stimuli or hints are supplied to the learner

Question 6

Recognition task

Answer 6

A task in which the learner is required to specify whether or not the items. Dbeing presented were presented previously

Question 7

Forgetting definition

Answer 7

Is the deterioration in performance following a period without practice

Question 8

The relearning method is also called

Answer 8

The savings method

Question 9

Thune and underwood used what method of study forgetting

Answer 9

Relearning / savings method

Question 10

Lofted found that use of the word what resulted in higher estimates of car speed than the word

Answer 10

Smashed vs hit

Question 11

Memory methods

Answer 11

Over learn, use mnemonics, use context clues, prompts

Question 12

Forgetting is not due to

Answer 12

Aging injury and disease

Question 13

Retention interval

Answer 13

They test in various ways for evidence that the learned behavior is still intact

Question 14

Issue with free recall

Answer 14

May have some learning but free recall may not show that

Question 15

Prompted or cue recall

Answer 15

Present hints or promote to increase the likelihood the behavior will be produced

Question 16

Retraining method

Answer 16

The less training required to reach the previous level of performance the less forgetting has occurred

Question 17

Recognition

Answer 17

Only has to identify material previously learned

Question 18

Delayed matching to sample

Answer 18

There is matching for the training but there is s delay before the sample is shown and the bird is asked to identify the training stimulus. Failure to do so indicates forgetting

Question 19

Extinction method

Answer 19

Removed from the training situation for a while. If it extinguishes faster than without the retention forgetting had occurred

Question 20

Who was integral in saying memory is permanent

Answer 20

Sigmund frued and wilder or field

Question 21

Gradient degradation

Answer 21

A flattening in the gradient degradation must observe the performance and not talking about it

Question 22

Interval between training and relearning on forgetting

Answer 22

Longer interval is harder to relearn

Question 23

Over learning

Answer 23

Learning continues after mastery increased onveroesrning reduces forgetting increased fluency also decreases forgetting

Question 24

Prior lesrning

Answer 24

More meaningful easier to hold onto
There’s proactive which is often studied with paired lesrning (pp)
Personal inclinations affect lesrning ex the study that made it more coherent
Communist vs anticommunist the ones they believed on they remembered better

Question 25

New lesrning

Answer 25

New learning often pushes out old learning

Question 26

Cue dependent forgetting

Answer 26

Learning occurs with certain stimuli if they sure s sent performance suffers

Question 27

Reminisce

Answer 27

Performance sometimes improves with the passage of time | Occurs when the the physiological conditions present during testing resemble those during training

Question 28

State dependent learning

Answer 28

Behavior that is learned during s particular physiological state is lost when the state passes

Question 29

Foraging and forgetting

Answer 29

Forgetting curve may be far less steep when what is learned is important to survival . Ex balda conducted an experiment in which nutcracker stored seeds and then were able to recover one to six months

Question 30

Eye witness behavior

Answer 30

Differential learning history csn affect different reports about observed events such as the or a suggest it occurred

Question 31

Flash cards what to do

Answer 31

Do as many as you can in one minute. Shuffle at least once a day

Question 32

Mnemonic

Answer 32

Any device for aiding recall typically involve cues that prompt behavior to be recalled Sometimes combines rhythm and code Acronym

Question 33

Mnemonic system

Answer 33

One popular is the method of loci where you visualize the things you want to remember in a place of familiarity

Question 34

Another mnemonic system peg word system

Answer 34

Memories a list of pegs all that have numbers and can rhyme with what you want . Look at the pegs as you recall the lists

Question 35

Context cuss

Answer 35

Study with the cues that will be present when necessary to recall

Question 36

A prompt example

Answer 36

Ex s memorandum s hint or reminder that only the person remembers snd doesn't include all the informstion

Question 37

Ex of man who can't forget

Answer 37

He had synesthesia and the senses allowed him to remember the ideas better

Question 38

Gardner and Gardner showed

Answer 38

The failure of chimpanzees to learn to speak may be due more to differences in anatomy than in learning ability

Question 39

The theories of Lamarck and Darwin both agree on

Answer 39

That organisms evolve as a result of the influence of the environment

Question 40

The brelands showed that heredity snd genetic factors might

Answer 40

Facilitate learning in one situation and inhibit it in another

Question 41

Physical characteristics

Answer 41

Some lesrning makes behavior impossible. The pigeons playing ping point illustrates they can be taught to learn if physical allowances are given

Question 42

Nonheritability of learned behavior

Answer 42

Behavior that is acquired through lesrning dies with the individual Lamarck was incorrect and it's possibly good it's not inherited because we adapt

Question 43

Heredity and learning behavior

Answer 43

Humans identical twins separated at birth typically have similar iqs Genes do play a role

Question 44

Neurological damage and learning

Answer 44

``` Neurotoxins during pregnancy Prenatal exposure to alcohol Lead one of the worst neurotoxins Head injuries can diminish Disease and malnutrition ```

Question 45

Critical periods

Answer 45

Stages for optimum learning ex a time when likely to form s bond with mom

Question 46

Imprinting

Answer 46

Youngster will. Eco me attached to any moving object happening to pass by Lorenz found that chicks would imprint on humans

Question 47

Rheus monkeys experiment with maternal behavior

Answer 47

Young rheus macaques were d by a surrogate mother with s cloth covered objects, they became attached to the cloth monkeys and as adults they lacked social skills because they missed the critical period

Question 48

Breland experiment with personal tendencies

Answer 48

Found that raccoons struggled learning some tasks because their innate behavior interfered with learning ex raccoons like to rub crayfish between their hands and wash it called INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

Question 49

Other factors that influence

Answer 49

Taste aversion affects

Question 50

Sign tracking

Answer 50

Aka auto shaping | Follows it as if driving if

Question 51

Continuum of preparedness

Answer 51

An organism comes to lesrning situation genetically prepared to learn unprepared in which learning occurs more slowly or contraprepsred in which case the course of lesrning is slow and irregular Seligmans theory, Ex monkeys genetically prepped to fear snakes or the raccoon contraprepAred

Question 52

Durability of lesrning

Answer 52

If what has been learned has survival value . Phobias may be a consequence of this Note learning isn't progressivism Some people are more attached to some objects over others Latent inhibition may affect feArs

Question 53

One main reason behavior is important to understand and lesrning

Answer 53

Most large problems are behavior and if we change them learning could cause a huge change

Question 54

The role of enviromentsl cues can be likened To

Answer 54

Stimulus control

Question 55

Imagination inflation

Answer 55

Merely imagining an event sometimes convince people that an event took place usually an example of retroactive interference

Question 56

Chad anis Simon study Comparing chefs masters and average players showed that when the pieces were arranged in s random order

Answer 56

Chess masters and average players forgot about the same amount