unit ten & eleven: behavior and motivation/emotion Flashcards
(10) learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
(10) associative learning
learning that certain events (two stimuli, in classical conditioning) occur together.
(10) classical conditioning and contiguity model
contiguity model: the more times two things are paired the greater the learning will take place.
when learnng to associate neutral stimuli (sounds) with stimuli (stimuli) that produces a reflexive, involuntary response and learn to respond to the stimulus (salivate).
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. also called pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
(10) behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
(10) unconditioned response (UR)
elicits a natural response (food and then salivation)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
(10) unconditioned stimulus (US)
food! thing that evokes response. in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response.
(10) conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
(10) conditioned stimulus (CS)
something you have control over like the bell. in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.
(10) acquisition
the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
(10) extinction
conditioned stimulus (bell) no longer affects controlled response (salivate).
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
(10) spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
(10) generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
hears a horn similar to a bell will salivate
(10) discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus.
be able to tell between different bells
(10) operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
(10) respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
(10) operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
(10) law of effect
- edward l. thorndike
- put your hand in a dike (wall cliff thing) and pull out gold you will try again
- principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
(10) operant chamber
- aka a skinner box
- a chamber containing a bar or key than an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. used in operant conditioning research.
(10) shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
- dogs driving
(10) reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
(10) positive reinforcement
ADDITION
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: addition of something pleasant
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: addition of something unpleasent
(10) negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stooping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when REMOVED after a response, strengthens the response.
this does not mean it is a punishment
NEGATIVE REINFORCER: taking away something unpleasent
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: taking away something pleasent.
(10) primary reinforcer and secondary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. food.
something not needed biologically but can be used to get us to our primary reinforcer.
generalize reinfrcer: something traded for virutally anything. like money.
(10) conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.
(10) continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
(10) partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
(10) fixed-ratio schedule (amount)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
(10) variable-ratio schedule (amount)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
(10) fixed-interval schedule (time)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
(10) variable-interval schedule (time)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
(10) punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
(10) cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
(10) latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
(10) intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
(10) extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
(10) observational learning
learning by observing others.
(10) modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
(10) mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning and empathy.
(10) prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.
