Unit Three: Cellular Energetics- essential knowledge Flashcards
(35 cards)
What do the structure and function of enzymes do
contribute to the regulation of biological processes
What are enzymes
biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy
When does denaturation of an enzyme occur
when the protein structure is disrupted eliminating the ability to catalyze reactions
What will environmental temperatures and pH outside of optimal ranges for an enzyme cause
changes to the structure and altering the efficiency resulting in catalyzes reactions
How does environmental pH affect enzymes
can disrupt hydrogen bonds with enzyme structure
What determines the effectiveness of an enzymatic reaction process
relative concentrations of substances and products
How does higher environmental temperatures increase the rate of reactions
by increasing the speed of movement of molecules in solutions, increasing the frequency of collisions between enzymes and substrates
How and where can competitive inhibitor molecules bind
reversible or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme
Where can noncompetitive inhibitor molecules bind
to allosteric sites
What is the second law of thermodynamics
energy input must exceed energy loss, cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with cellular processes that require energy, loss of order or energy flow results in death
How does photosynthesis work
by capturing energy from the sun to produce sugars
Where did photosynthesis first evoolve
prokaryotic organsims
What was responsible for the production of oxygenated atmosphere
photosynthesis from prokaryotic cyanobacterial cells
What were the original pathways for eukaryotic photosynthesis
prokaryotic photosynthesis
What do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis within eukaryotes involve
a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture energy present in light to yeild ATP and NADPH
Where is light absorbed in photosynthesis and what does this cause
absorbed by chlorophylls boosting electrons to a higher energy level in photosystems I and II
Where are photosystems I and II located and how are they connected
embedded in the internal membrane of chloroplasts and connected by the transfer of higher energy electrons through electron transport chain.(ETC)
What is established through the ETC within the internal membrane
electrochemical gradient of protons (hydrogen ions)
What is linked to the formation of the proton gradient
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP sysnthase
What powers carbohydrate production within the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
Where does fermentation and cellular respiration acquire energy
macromolecules
Where do ETC reactions occur
chloroplasts, mitochondria, and prokaryotic plasma membranes
what is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular resperation
oxygen
What is the terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesis
NADP+
