Unit Two: Cell Structure and Function- essential knowledge

Question 1

What do ribosomes do

Answer 1

comprise ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and synthesize proteins based on mRNA sequences

Question 2

Where are ribosomes found and what does this indicate

Answer 2

all forms of life reflecting common ancestory

Question 3

How does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appear and what are its general functions

Answer 3

rough (membrane-bound ribosomes)- compartmentalizes cell
smooth- detoxification and lipid synthesis

Question 4

How does the Golgi complex appear and what is its general function

Answer 4

flattened membrane sacs- folding of polypeptide chains and protein trafficing

Question 5

What is the structure of mitochondria

Answer 5

double membraned (outer smooth, inner convoluted with folds)

Question 6

What are lysosomes

Answer 6

membrane-enclosed sacs with hydrolytic enzymes

Question 7

What are vacuole

Answer 7

membrane-bound sac with varying roles

Question 8

What is the structure of chloroplasts and their functions

Answer 8

double outer membrane
used for photosynthesis processes

Question 9

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 9

provide mechanical support, carries out protein synthesis on, and intracellular transport

Question 10

what does the mitochondrial double membrane do

Answer 10

provides compartments for different metabolic reactions

Question 11

what do lysosomes do

Answer 11

with hydrolytic enzymes; intracellular digestion, recycling of organic matter, and apoptosis

Question 12

What do vacuoles do

Answer 12

storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste, water retention

Question 12

Why does the inner cellular membrane fold

Answer 12

increases surface area allow more ATP synthesized

Question 13

How are the thylakoids organized

Answer 13

into stacks called grana

Question 13

What within chloroplast allows for energy usage

Answer 13

thylakoids and stroma

Question 14

Where and what is the stroma

Answer 14

fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside the thylakoid

Question 15

Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur and what does it do

Answer 15

occurs in the stroma for photosynthesis

Question 16

Where does the Kerbs Cycle occur and what does it do?

Answer 16

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle

Question 17

Where does electron transport and ATP synthesis occur

Answer 17

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 18

What do surface area-to-volume ratios affect

Answer 18

ability of biological systems to obtain necessary resources, eliminate waste products, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and exchange chemicals and energy with the environment

Question 19

Equation for the volume of a sphere

Answer 19

V=(4/3)πr^3Equa

Question 20

equation for the volume of a cube

Answer 20

V=s^2

Question 21

Equation for the volume of a rectangular solid

Answer 21

V=lwh

Question 22

Equation for the volume of a cylinder

Answer 22

V=πr^2h

Question 23

Equations for the surface area of a sphere

Answer 23

SA=4πr^2

Question 24

Equation for the surface area of a cube

Answer 24

SA=6s^2

Question 25

Equation for the surface area of a rectangular solid

Answer 25

SA= 2lh+2lw+2wh

Question 26

Equations for the surface area of a cylinder

Answer 26

SA= 2πrh+2πr^2

Question 27

What is true about smaller cells

Answer 27

surface area-to-volume ratio is high with effective exchange of materials with the enviroment

Question 28

What happens with volume increases

Answer 28

surface area decreases, demand for internal resources increases, and environment-cell exchange decreases

Question 29

What is necessary for cell structures to exchange materials

Answer 29

complex structures (i.e membrane folds)

Question 30

What two regions does a phospholipid have and what are their orrientation

Answer 30

hydrophilic- toward aqueous external/internal environment hydrophobic- toward each other within inner membrane

Question 31

What can proteins be

Answer 31

hydrophilic- charged, polar side groups hydrophobic- non-polar side groups

Question 32

What do cell membranes contain

Answer 32

phospholipids, proteins, steroids, glycoproteins, glycolpids

Question 33

What does the cell membrane structure result in as described by what model

Answer 33

selective permeability, fluid mosaic model

Question 34

What do cell membranes do

Answer 34

separate internal and external environments

Question 35

What can pass through the membrane freely

Answer 35

N2, O2, and CO2

Question 36

What can pass through the membrane with embedded channels and transport protiens

Answer 36

hydrophilic substances, large polar molecules, and ions

Question 37

How does H2O pass through the membrane

Answer 37

in small amounts

Question 38

What do cell walls provided

Answer 38

structural boundaries and permeability barrier

Question 39

What are cell walls composed of

Answer 39

complex carbohdrates

Question 40

What does passive transport do

Answer 40

import of materials and waste export

Question 41

What does active transport require and what does it do

Answer 41

direct energy input for the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentrations

Question 42

What does selective permeability allow for

Answer 42

formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the membrane

Question 43

What do the endocytosis and exocytosis process require

Answer 43

energy

Question 44

What is the exocytosis process

Answer 44

internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecule out of the cell

Question 45

What is the endocytosis process

Answer 45

cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles

Question 46

Where does large water quantities pass through

Answer 46

aquaporins

Question 47

Where do charged ions (i.e Na+ and K+) pass through

Answer 47

through membrane with channel proteins

Question 48

How does water move

Answer 48

with osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/low solute to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute

Question 49

Equation for the water potential

Answer 49

Ψ = ΨS + ΨP

Question 50

how is growth and homeostasis maintained

Answer 50

constant movement of molecules across membranes

Question 51

What does osmoregulation do

Answer 51

maintain water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential

Question 52

Equation for the solute potential of a solutions

Answer 52

ΨS=-iC[0.0831 (Lbars)/(molK)]T

Question 53

What do membranes and membrane-bound organelles do in eukaryotic cells

Answer 53

compartmentalize intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions

Question 54

How do internal membranes facilitate cellular processes

Answer 54

minimizing competing interactions and increasing surface area in reaction areas

Question 55

Where did membrane-bound organelles evolve from

Answer 55

free-living prokaryotic cells via endosymbosis