Unit Two: Overall Cell Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 Types of Cells
A
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
2
Q
What are Prokaryote Cells
A
- smaller than eukaryotic cells
- microns in length
- 3 major shapes: spherical, rod-like, sprial
3
Q
Prokaryotes: Nucleoid
A
- region of the cell within highly folded mass of DNA
- single circular molecule that unfolds when released
- containing genes
- instructions for making new proteins
- composed with DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, rRNA
4
Q
Prokaryotes: Cell Wall
A
- cell wall does not = cell membrane
- glucocalyx covering (polysacch) slime layer
- provides protection
- attatches to surface of other prokaryotes
- forms a colony
5
Q
Prokaryotes: Cytoskeletal Structure
A
- filamentous content
- maintains shape/structure
- guides cell division
- composed of flagella and pili
6
Q
Prokaryotes: Flagella
A
- extension of the cell
- propels prokaryote through fluid environment
7
Q
Prokaryotes: Pili
A
- hair like shafts extending from cell wall function
- attach prokaryote to surfaces of other cells
8
Q
What are Eukaryotic Cells
A
- reffered to as a domain: eukarya
- 4 main groups: fungi, protists, plants, animals
9
Q
Eukaryotes: Plasma Membrane
A
- plants, fungal, and protist cells extracellular wall
10
Q
Eukaryotes: Nucleus
A
- surrounded by nuclear envelope
- embedded with nuclear pore complexes (nucleoporins)
- proteins and RNA molecules
- space inside nucleus filled with chromatin
11
Q
What are nucleoproteins
A
- exchange molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
- protein selective
12
Q
Eukaryotes: Chromatin
A
- any collection of eukaryotic DNA molecules
13
Q
Eukaryotes: Nucleoli (one or more)
A
- bodies within the nucleus
- forms around genes
- form ribosomal units until exported
14
Q
What is the Cytoplasm
A
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
15
Q
What are Vacuoles and Vesicles
A
storage and transport abilities inside cells
16
Q
What are Lysosomes
A
- digestive purposes
- absorbs, breaks up, and neutralizes toxins
17
Q
What is the Mitochondria
A
- ATP production with O2
- “powerhouse” of cell
18
Q
What is the Nucleus
A
- protects DNA material
- controlls cell activities
19
Q
What are the Ribosomes
A
builds and composes proteins
20
Q
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A
- works on protein synthesis
- membrane production
21
Q
What is the Cell Membrane
A
- cell boundry
- controls movement in and out of cell
- recognizes signals
22
Q
What is the Plasma Membrane
A
- encloses the cell, defines boundaries
- transmits information from outside to inside
- maintains life supporting differences between cytosol and extracellular environment
23
Q
What are the Components of the Plasma Membrane
A
- Phospholipids (fundamental unit)
- Proteins
- Glycoproteins
- Cholesterol (20%)
24
Q
What is the Phospholipid Bilayer
A
- 2 layers of lipid molecules
- approx 5 nm thick
- impermable to most water soluble molecules
25
What are **Membrane Proteins**
1. Serves as receptors detecting extracellular molecules
2. Molecule transport between cytosol and extracellular environment
3. Catalzying membrane bound reactions (ATP)
4. Structural links with cytoskeleton
| 30% of animal genome codes for membrane proteins
26
What are **Ribosomes**
- **large and small subunits**
- **4 types of RNA molecules** and **over 80 proteins**
- found **within the cytosol**
- **protein synthesis cordination**
- **"workbench"**
- often called a **ribozyme **
27
What is the **Function of Ribosomes**
**transfer the "code"** from **mRNA into assembly of amino acids making a protein**
28
What is the **Endomembrane System**
- **endo: "within"**
- 2 types: **rough and smooth**
29
What is the **Function of the Endomembrane System**
- **synthesize and transport new proteins**
- **sythesis of lipids**
- **detoxfication**
30
What does the **composition of a Ribosome** look like
- **no membrane**
- over **50 different proteins (ribosomal proteins)**
- **ribosomal proteins make up 1/3 of the ribosomes**
- **RNA molecules translates and executes messages to DNA**
- **Ribosomal RNA make up 2/3 of ribosome**
31
How many **Ribosomes exist within a cell?**
**10^6**
32
What are the **two forms of Ribosomes**
1. **Free**
2. **Bound/Fixed** (membrane bound)
33
What are the **two main components of a Ribosome**
1. Small: **correctly matches tRNA to mRNA codes**
2. Large: **catalyzes peptide bonds, makes polypeptides**
| 1 peptide/s (eukaryotes) -----> 20 peptide/s (prokaryotes)
34
How much of the **cell volume does the nuclue occupy?**
- occupies **10%** of cell volume
35
What does the **Nucleus do**
| *one thing*
- make **new protein**
- houses **"blueprint"** for construction
36
**Major Functions** of the **Nucleus**
1. **Amino Acids on "hand" amino acid pool**
2. **Tear down existing structures** (protein breakdown)
3. **Diet Function**
37
What is the **Nuclear Envelope**
**2 lipid bilayers**
38
**Describe the Nnucleau Envelope**
- **proteins manufactured by ribosomes transported in space**
- keeps **cytsol and nuclear enzymes apart**
- directly **connected to the ER**
- **ribosomes on surface**
- **punctured by nuclear pores**
- **transport of molecules into and out of nucleus**
39
What are some **Key Features of the Nuclear Envelope**
- **nuclear envelope** (inner and outer membranes, intermembrane space)
- **nuclear pore complex**
- **nucleoplasm**
40
What are some **important Nuclear Proteins**
1. **Histones**
2. **DNA and RNA polymerase**
3. **Gene regulatory proteins**
4. **RNA processing proteins**
