unit: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil

Question 1

what is weathering

Answer 1

the breaking down of rock due to exposure to processes that occur on earths surface

Question 2

what are 2 types of weathering

Answer 2

mechanical, chemical

Question 3

what is mechanical weathering?

Answer 3

weathering taking place without changing its chemical composition

Question 4

what is upward expansion/ exfoliation

Answer 4

rocks are formed deep underground

Question 5

What is abrasion

Answer 5

when rocks grind and scrape against one another, these rock materials are worn away

Question 6

what is frost wedging

Answer 6

water between rocks, freezes > cracks rock

Question 7

What is Biological weathering (animal )

Answer 7

ants, earthworms, rabbits, woodchucks….dig holes in soil > allows air/water to weather it

Question 8

what is biological weathering( plants)

Answer 8

when lichens, mosses and small plants grow on rucks, they wedge their rootsinto pores and crevices in rock > causes it to crack

Question 9

what is chemical weathering?

Answer 9

when chemical reactions alter/change the minerals in a rock into different substances

Question 10

what are 2 examples of chemical weathering

Answer 10

hydrolysis, oxidation

Question 11

what is oxidation

Answer 11

chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances

Question 12

what is hydrolysis

Answer 12

chemical weathering by reaction of water

Question 13

what is a common acid in water?

Answer 13

carbonic acid

Question 14

What is erosion?

Answer 14

is the removal and transport of materials by natural agents

Question 15

What the 4 agents of erosion?

Answer 15

rivers/streams, glaciers, wind, wave action

Question 16

what is deposition

Answer 16

when sediment carried by erosion is stopped and is settled

Question 17

What is rivers/ streams erosion

Answer 17

where water is moving fast( picks up soil) when water slows down near ocean > sediment is deposited

Question 18

what is wave action erosion

Answer 18

due to constant movement of water (tides) currents, waves > make cliffs and dunes

Question 19

what is glacier erosion

Answer 19

big sheets of ice > moves collects trees and objects

Question 20

what is wind erosion

Answer 20

when wind picks up loose particles

Question 21

what is mass movement

Answer 21

downward transportation of weathered materials by gravity

Question 22

what are factors that influence mass movements?

Answer 22

weight,resistance,trigger,water

Question 23

what is a creep

Answer 23

very slow, slow, steady downhill flow of loose materials

Question 24

what are 2 types of flows

Answer 24

mudflows, earthflows

Question 25

what are mudflows

Answer 25

move quickly, soils mixed with water moves downhill

Question 26

what are earthflows

Answer 26

move slowly entire areas of land move down hill, when oversaturated

Question 27

what are slides

Answer 27

rapid downslope of movement of earth materials

Question 28

what are mudslides

Answer 28

when a sheet of rock moves downhill on a sliding surface

Question 29

slump

Answer 29

mass of material in a landslide slowly moving along a curved surface

Question 30

what are avalanches?

Answer 30

landslides that occur i mountainous areas

Question 31

what are rockfalls

Answer 31

rocks are loosened through physical weathering

Question 32

what is talus pile

Answer 32

refers to rock fragments that have been weathered from a cliff and pulled down by gravity

Question 33

what are the 4 types of water erosion

Answer 33

inter-rill, rill, gully, streambank

Question 34

what is inter-rill erosion?

Answer 34

raindrop erosion

Question 35

how is inter-rill erosion accelerated

Answer 35

topography, gradient, climate, vegetative cover

Question 36

what is rill erosion

Answer 36

results from concentrated flow of water in small streams

Question 37

what is gully erosion

Answer 37

detachment and transportation of soil by larger streams of water

Question 38

what is streambank erosion

Answer 38

fast-running streams and rivers cut into the banks

Question 39

what are the 3 types of wind erosion

Answer 39

suspension, saltation, surface creep

Question 40

what is suspension

Answer 40

small particles are airborne for long distances

Question 41

what is saltation

Answer 41

bouncing motion of larger particles across the ground

Question 42

what is surface creep

Answer 42

particles move in a rolling motion

Question 43

what is deflation

Answer 43

lowering of land surface that results from the winds removal of surface particles ( dust bowl)

Question 44

what is a ventifact

Answer 44

rocks shaped by wind blown sediments

Question 45

what are the 2 types of wind deposition?

Answer 45

dunes- accumulation of windblown particles into a mound loess- thick windblown silt deposits

Question 46

what are glaciers

Answer 46

slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumalation and compaction of snow on mountains or poles

Question 47

what are 2 types of glaciers

Answer 47

valley- glaciers form u shaped valleys continental- when glaciers cover large amounts of land( greenland)

Question 48

what is glacier plucking

Answer 48

weight and moving force of the ice will break the bedrock and incorporate the fragments of glaciers

Question 49

what are striations

Answer 49

scratches or gouges into bedrock as the glacier moves

Question 50

what are cirques

Answer 50

bowl-shaped amphitheater-like depressions the glaciers carve into mountains

Question 51

what is arete

Answer 51

a thin crest of rock left after two adjacent glaciers have worn away a steep ridge

Question 52

what is a glacier horn

Answer 52

results when glaciers erode three or more aretes

Question 53

what is glacier till

Answer 53

accumalations of unsorted unstratified mixtures

Question 54

what is moraine

Answer 54

mass of rocks and sediment carried down deposited by a glacier

Question 55

what is sandur

Answer 55

plain formed of glacier fluvial deposits due to mud water outwash at end of glacier

Question 56

what is drumlin

Answer 56

elongated, teardrop-shaped hills of rocks, sand, gravel that formed under glacier

Question 57

what are eskers

Answer 57

ridges made of sands and gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater flowing through tunnels within glaciers

Question 58

what are kames

Answer 58

mound-like hill of poorly sorted drift, mostly sand and gravel, deposited near of or at end of glacier

Question 60

what are the two types of weathering that can make soil

Answer 60

chemical, physical

Question 61

what are the 6 horizons of soil in order

Answer 61

O,A,E,B,C,R

Question 62

what is O horizon

Answer 62

humus- organic material

Question 63

what is A horizon

Answer 63

is topsoil

Question 64

what is E horizon

Answer 64

eluviated soil

Question 65

what is B horizon

Answer 65

subsoil

Question 66

what is c horizon

Answer 66

parent rock

Question 67

what is r horizon

Answer 67

bedrock

Question 68

what are the soil particles form large to small

Answer 68

1. sand 2.silt 3.clay

Question 69

how can humans disturb topsoil

Answer 69

1 salinization- irrigating 2 farming 3 soil compaction from tractors

Question 70

what are the 7 methods farms conserve soil

Answer 70

crop rotation, conservation tillage, contour plowing, conservation buffers, wind breaks, terracing, wetlands

Question 71

what is conservation tillage

Answer 71

farmers plant only what is needed

Question 72

what is crop rotation

Answer 72

farmers plant crops in different fields each year- conserves the soil

Question 73

what is conservation plowing

Answer 73

when you plow in curves

Question 74

what are conservation buffers

Answer 74

traps nutrients

Question 75

what are wind breaks

Answer 75

these like fences to protect the area from wind erosion

Question 76

what is terracing?

Answer 76

slows and reduces the energy of runoff

Question 77

what are wetlands

Answer 77

leave and not cut down areas

Question 78

what is residual soil

Question 79

transported soil

Question 80

what is a soil profile

Answer 80

a vertical cross-section of a soil