unit3

Question 1

upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

Question 2

lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

Question 3

dysphagia

Answer 3

difficulty swallowing

Question 4

dysphonia

Answer 4

hoarseness

Question 5

cachetic

Answer 5

loss of weight

Question 6

pyrogen

Answer 6

fever

Question 7

Inspiration muscle (breathing)

Answer 7

Diaphragm, Moves down. External Intercostals.

Question 8

Expiration muscle (breathing)

Answer 8

Passive process. When forcing- Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles.

Question 9

fluid compartments

Answer 9

intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and an extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment

Question 10

intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment

Answer 10

includes water and electrolytes that are enclosed by cell membranes.

Question 11

extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment

Answer 11

fluid outside the cells.

Question 12

who has higher fluid content

Answer 12

Males 63% body water

Question 13

What are the three water imbalances

Answer 13

dehydration, edema, and water intoxication

Question 14

Structures of the respiratory system

Answer 14

Upper Respiratory Tract

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Question 15

Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 15

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

Question 16

Lower Respiratory Tract

Answer 16

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Question 17

Spinal curvatures

Answer 17

Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis,

Question 18

Asthma

Answer 18

periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in patients who have hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways

Symptoms include episodes of dyspnea and wheezing on exhalation, which result from bronchospasm

Question 19

COPD:

Answer 19

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) actually describes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which often coexist

Patients have high levels of carbon dioxide in their blood but cannot increase breathing to remove it.

1 – mild – minimal shortness of breath

2 – moderate – shortness of breath upon exertion

3 – severe – the condition affects quality of life

4 – very severe – shortness of breath greatly impairs quality of life and exacerbations may become life threatening

Symptoms include dyspnea, chronic coughing, wheezing, hemoptysis, cyanosis, weight loss, pursed-lip breathing, and a barrel chest

Question 20

CF

Answer 20

Cystic fibrosis

Question 21

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 21

caused by an exocrine gland dysfunction, and affects a variety of organ systems besides the lungs

Symptoms include chronic airway infection, thick secretions, bronchiectasis, bronchiolectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal dysfunction, sweat gland dysfunction, and reproductive dysfunction

Question 22

Legionnaires

Answer 22

The bacterium lives in water storage tanks and air conditioning (cooling) systems

The disease primarily affects older males

Symptoms include coughing, high fever, bradycardia, chest pain, diarrhea, and visible signs of toxicity

Question 23

Emphysema

Answer 23

a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the acini (the smallest secreting portion of a gland) accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls

Symptoms include coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, barrel chest, decreased breath sounds, and clubbed fingers or toes

Question 24

types of fx

Answer 24

Open – if the bone has protruded through the skin or any object has punctured the skin to break a bone (also called compound fractures)

Closed (simple fractures)

Complete – completely through a bone

Incomplete – bone is fractured, but not in 2 pieces

Greenstick – appear as partial breaks

Displaced – bone fragments are out of position

Comminuted – there are more than 2 ends or fragments

Compression – bone appears “mashed” down

Impacted – bone forced over the other end

Avulsion – small bone fragments separated from bone where a tendon or ligament is attached

Longitudinal – length of bone

Transverse – across or at 90-degree angles to bone

Oblique – transverse patterns

Spiral – twist around bones

Stellate – star-like patterns

Question 25

Myositis

Answer 25

The term myositis is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Myositis is defined as inflammation of the skeletal muscles due to injury, infection, or autoimmune diseases

Question 26

compartment syndrome

Answer 26

Compartment syndrome is a serious condition involving increased pressure in a muscle compartment of the body that can lead to nerve and muscle damage, and limb amputation

Question 27

tuberculosis

Answer 27

mainly affects your lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.

Question 28

Spondylosis

Answer 28

a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the edges of bones (bone spurs).

Question 29

bergers syndrome:

Answer 29

affects blood vessels in the arms and legs. Blood vessels swell, which can prevent blood flow, causing clots to form. This can lead to pain, tissue damage, and even gangrene (the death or decay of body tissues).1 In some cases, amputation may be required

Question 30

swan neck deformity

Answer 30

It is caused by abnormal stress on the volar plate, the ligament around the middle joint of the finger (PIP joint).

The resulting shape looks similar to a swan’s neck, which is how the condition got its name.

Question 31

Raynauds

Answer 31

some areas of your body — such as your fingers and toes — to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress.

Question 32

Osteomalacia

Answer 32

Softening of bone due to loss of calcium is referred to as osteomalacia, which is sometimes called the adult form of rickets, a childhood condition

It may be associated with severe renal disease, and incidence is high among the elderly

In vitamin D deficiency, bone cannot calcify normally, resulting in rickets, which causes bowed legs, “knock-knees”, etc.

Question 33

sprains vs strains and grades

Answer 33

A sprain is defined as a traumatic injury to a joint, sometimes with partial or complete tearing of ligaments

Grades of a sprain include:

1 – slight stretching and damage

2 – partial ligament tearing

3 – complete ligament tearing

A strain is defined as an overstretching of a muscle/tendon that causes injury – they are less serious than sprains

Grades of a strain include:

1 – damage to less than 5% of muscle fibers

2 – more extensive damage but not a complete rupture

3 – complete rupture of a muscle

Question 34

Pneumothorax

Answer 34

Pneumothorax is a collection of air in the pleural cavity that often results in partial or complete lung collapse on the affected side

Symptoms include sudden, severe chest pain, severe dyspnea, shock, shallow respirations, sucking breath sounds, and a shift of the mediastinum to that side – this is a medical emergency

Question 35

Pagets

Answer 35

Also known as osteitis deformans, Paget’s disease affects bone formation

It is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an overgrowth of new bone that occurs more quickly than the breakdown of old bone

The new bone is much weaker, and the condition primarily affects the pelvis and long leg bones in patients over age 40

Question 36

Osteomylities

Answer 36

an inflammation of the bone and adjacent marrow cavity due to infection from a wound or other infection

It usually affects the long bones of the legs or arms, often causing limbs to develop shorter than normal

Symptoms include chills, high fever, malaise, tenderness, bacteremia, difficulty moving, and swelling

Question 37

Osteoporosis:

Answer 37

a decrease in bone mass and a porosity of the bone, leading to major orthopedic problems in nearly 1/3 of U.S. women

Compression fractures of the spine often affect the height of the patient

*Spinal nerve root compression may result in radiating pain, “bloated” feelings, kyphosis, and a Dowager’s hump

Question 38

Chondrosarcoma:

Answer 38

Malignant bone cancer of the cartilage

Chondrosarcoma affects the cartilage, and is the 2nd most common malignant bone tumor

It usually affects males in middle or later life

It is slow growing, yet often resists radiation and chemotherapy

It can transform into a highly malignant form known as mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

Question 39

Clubbing

Answer 39

A deformity of (usually) the fingers and fingernails usually related to various conditions of the lungs and heart.

Question 40

Aklalosis

Answer 40

an abnormal condition of body fluids characterized by a tendency toward a blood pH level greater than 7.45, as from an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid.

two major types:

respiratory alkalosis: caused by hyperventilation, resulting from an excessive loss of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in plasma.

metabolic alkalosis: an abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acids in the body or by increased levels of alkalinity.

Question 41

Acidosis

Answer 41

an abnormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body, resulting from an accumulation of an acid or the loss of a base.

two major types:

respiratory acidosis: an abnormal condition characterized by a low plasma pH, resulting from reduced alveolar ventilation.

metabolic acidosis: Metabolic acidosis is caused by other acids accumulating in body fluids or by a loss of bases (including bicarbonate ions)

Question 42

Orthopnea

Answer 42

shortness of breath or difficulty breathing when you’re lying down.

Question 43

What are the CNS anatomical structures that control respiration

Answer 43

Medulla Oblongatat

Question 44

Types of bone cells:

Answer 44

Osteoblasts – bone-building cells responsible for the formation of the bone matrix

Osteoclasts – responsible for resorption of bone, removing the mineral content and organic matrix

Osteocytes – mature bone cells actively involved in maintaining the bone matrix

Question 45

Muscle involved conditions such as MD, myasthenia Gravis, etc.

Answer 45

skeletal muscles