Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT116 > unit5 > Flashcards

unit5 Flashcards

1
Q

peristalsis

A

muscular walls contract to move food into the stomach in a process known as

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

motility

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hematemesis

A

The vomiting of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hematemesis

A

Fresh blood in defecations w/ w/o poo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

melena

A

dark, tarry stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peritonitis

A

digestive contents spill into the abdominal cavity and contaminate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

septicemia

A

blood poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Esophageal varices

A

dilated varicose veins in the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

a sliding of part of the stomach into the chest cavity through the hole in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reflux esophagitis

A

commonly called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which causes a burning sensation in the epigastric area known as “heartburn”
It is an inflammation of tissue at the lower end of the esophagus
Reflux esophagitis is caused by a backflow (reflux) of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gastritis

A

an inflammation of the stomach that may be acute or chronic

It usually causes abdominal pain, and may also cause belching, nausea, and vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

peptic ulcer

A

chronic form that is found in the stomach or duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Malaise

A

general feeling of discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inguinal hernia

A

a pouching of the small intestine and peritoneum into the groin – it is more common in males
Symptoms include a bulge in the groin or scrotum, with pain that worsens with lifting or bending, but is relieved by lying down
It may be caused by congenital conditions or weakness in the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A

occurs when the small intestine cannot adequately absorb nutrients (especially lipids) and minerals
Symptoms include anemia, diarrhea, edema, muscle cramping, weight loss, heart arrhythmias, and blood clotting disorders
Causes include cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, lactose intolerance, pancreatic deficiencies, and gluten enteropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

regional enteritis

A

“Crohn’s disease”, chronic inflammatory disease characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation that affect the intestinal wall
It is also characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the bowel mucosa with marked thickening and scarring of the bowel wall
Until complete diagnosis is made, it is usually classified as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

remission

A

either the reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gluten-induced enteropathy

A

an immune disorder that causes sensitivity to gluten proteins (found in rye, wheat, barley, and oats)
It is also known as celiac (non-tropical) sprue disease
It causes impaired absorption of related proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins, and requires restriction of all foods containing glutens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Intestinal polyps

A

benign tumors of the intestinal linings

They are often removed via surgery because they can increase the risk of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Appendicitis

A

inflammation of the vermiform appendix, a primarily lymphoid structure located near where the small and large intestines joint – it is “worm-like” in appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

polyp

A

abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroomlike stalks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diverticulosis

A

is condition wherein small pouches (diverticula) develop in the colon (usually the sigmoid portion)
It may be asymptomatic until the pouches are packed with fecal material, causing irritation
Once they become inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dysentery

A

various GI disorders that cause acute inflammation – it is common in underdeveloped countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

internal or external varicose veins that develop in the rectum
They commonly cause bleeding with bowel movements, itching, and rectal pain
They are caused by pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

may be either a disease or a symptom of another disease process
It can be due to a blockage, disease, or ileus (absence of peristalsis)
Causes of blockage include adhesions, hernias, volvulus (twisting of the colon), intussusception (twisting enough to “telescope” back on itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

defined as a “chronic inflammation of the colon”
It causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum
It appears to be related to stress, autoimmune disorders, diet, and heredity, and may increase the risk of developing colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

usually appears as an adenocarcinoma arising from the mucosal lining, and affects both sexes
can spread throughout the body, but usually to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

causes the body to absorb and store excessive iron, and is the most common inherited disease
Liver damage is likely, and this condition is diagnosed by blood tests for iron levels
Treatment requires up to 2 units of blood to be moved weekly until iron levels return to normal – this procedure must occur every 4 months throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cirrhosis

A

a chronic, degenerative disease that is irreversible – it is also known as end-stage liver disease
It causes normal liver cells to be replaced with fibrous, non-functioning scar tissue – the cirrhotic liver appears to be covered in nodules
It is often related to chronic alcoholism or congestive heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Varicosities

A

varicose veins, usually in the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

caput medusae

A

Varicosities occurring across the front of the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Splenomegaly

A

enlarged spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

GI hemorrhage

A

caused by thrombocytopenia and the liver’s inability to secrete blood proteins for clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Edema

A

swelling of (commonly) the ankles and feet due to liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowish discoloration resulting from bile duct obstruction due to cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

nitrogenous waste products can circulate in the blood to affect the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver leading to abnormal function and other disease states
There are 6 main types: A-G (Except F)

42
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV)

A

the least serious form

43
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV)

A

serum hepatitis

44
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV)

A

similar to hepatitis A, but attacks RNA of cells instead of their DNA

45
Q

Hepatitis D (HDV)

A

delta virus

46
Q

Hepatitis E (HEV)

A

does not result in chronic hepatitis

47
Q

Hepatitis G (HGV)

A

newly discovered – caused by transfused blood, but may be transferred through pregnancy or sexual intercourse

48
Q

nephrons

A

Filtering units of the kidneys

49
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys that serves as a filter.

50
Q

erythropoiesis

A

Process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced.

51
Q

Anuria

A

no urine output

52
Q

Dysuria

A

difficulty or pain when urinating

53
Q

Frequency

A

urinating frequently

54
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in the urine

55
Q

Nocturia

A

increased voiding during the night

56
Q

Oliguria

A

decreased urine output

57
Q

Proteinuria

A

protein in the urine

58
Q

Pyuria

A

pus in the urine

59
Q

Urgency

A

the need to urinate immediately

60
Q

Urinalysis

A

checks for pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, sugar, or blood

61
Q

Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) test

A

checks for an abnormal number of white cells or bacteria

62
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

determines urea nitrogen or waste product levels in the blood

63
Q

Creatinine clearance test

A

determines the ability of the renal glomeruli to filter creatinine out of the blood

64
Q

Kidneys-ureter-bladder (KUB)

A

A diagnostic medical imaging technique of the abdomen.

65
Q

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

A radiologic procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system.

66
Q

Cystogram

A

A visualization of the urinary bladder with the use of a catheter, radiocontrast agent, and x-rays.

67
Q

catheterization

A

Inserting a tube into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. to instill fluids or medication into the bladder, or for the removal of urine

68
Q

In and out catheterization

A

A temporary procedure wherein a catheter is removed as soon as urine is drained from the urinary bladder.

69
Q

indwelling catheter

A

A catheter placed into the urinary bladder for longer periods of time.

70
Q

suprapubic catheter

A

A catheter used to drain urine from the bladder by insertion through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.

71
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

72
Q

Pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney. primarily affects younger females, and is usually the result of an ascending infection from the bladder

73
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

An ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the renal pelvis of the kidney
inflammation of the nephrons of the kidneys
It can be caused by either an ascending or hematogenous infection

74
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli (small blood vessels) in the kidneys.
most common form of kidney disease

75
Q

lipoid nephrosis

A

Earliest stage of childhood nephrotic syndrome.

76
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

is similar to arteriosclerosis, but in the kidneys

77
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries.

78
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Distention and dilation of the renal pelvis and calices of the kidney.

79
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

(PKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by multiple, bilateral grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that enlarge the kidneys, compressing and eventually replacing functioning renal tissue
This slowly progressing disease usually begins in teenagers and younger adults, leading to renal failure by ages 30-40
is inherited – if a parent has the disease there is a 50% chance that the gene will be passed to a child

80
Q

Renal calculi

A

commonly known as “kidney stones”

often made of calcium salts and can vary in location, number, and size

81
Q

Renal failure

A

the kidneys’ inability to cleanse the blood of wastes

82
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

self-dialysis that uses gravity to drain fluid through a permanently connected catheter into a bag worn around the waist – usually must occur several times per day

83
Q

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

A

requires a “cycling” machine that works while the patient sleeps

84
Q

Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD)

A

performed several times a week in a medical clinic

85
Q

nephrectomy

A

Removal of a kidney.

86
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

defined as the loss of control of urine flow

87
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

the bladder does not properly empty and leaks when overfilled

88
Q

Stress incontinence

A

urine cannot be held when coughing, laughing, or sneezing

89
Q

Urge incontinence

A

there is a sudden uncontrollable urge to empty the bladder

90
Q

transurethral resection

A

Passage of a cystoscope into the bladder through the urethra and a resectoscope that removes tissue for biopsy and burns away any existing cancer cells.

91
Q

radical cystectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.

92
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

Dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to a nervous system disease that relates to the control of urination.

93
Q

Goodpasture syndrome (GPS)

A

also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure.

94
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

A urinary bladder disease characterized by pain during urination, urinary frequency, urgency, and pressure in the bladder and/or pelvis.

95
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by a gallstone obstructing bile flow
It may be prevented by maintaining healthy body weight and a high-fiber diet
Complications include rupture of the gallbladder and potential peritonitis, bile backup into the liver, and potential liver damage and cirrhosis

96
Q

cholecystectomy

A

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

97
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
Gallstones affect women more than men, with nearly 600,000 people in the U.S. having them removed each year
They usually cause symptoms because they are blocking the outflow of the gallbladder or its ducts

98
Q

islets of Langerhans

A 
Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells.
secrete hormones  (glucagon and insulin) directly into the bloodstream
99
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas, which has the potential to cause death
The pancreas becomes inflamed, edematous, hemorrhagic, and necrotic
Powerful digestive enzymes from the pancreas may escape its cells and ducts to cause the pancreas to be digested (autodigestion) by the body, leading to hemorrhaging

100
Q

autodigestion

A

Digestion of the body’s own tissue by its enzymes.

101
Q

amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar.

102
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

A cancer of the epithelia originating in glandular tissue.

PT116 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions