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unit4 Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor

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2
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory

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3
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing, Emotion, Memory

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4
Q

Cortex

A

inch gray matter

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5
Q

Occipital

A

Sight

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6
Q

Mid Brain,

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

It contains 12 cranial nerves, and helps in the control of respiration, swallowing, wakefulness, and other activities

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7
Q

The central nervous system (CNS)

A

comprised of the brain and spinal cord

It communicates with the organs and body systems via the PNS

Its divisions include the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

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8
Q

spinal cord

A

runs from the brain through the vertebral column, stopping near the tailbone

The brain and spinal cord are covered in meninges, divided into the:
Outer portion (dura mater)
Middle layer (arachnoid)
Inner layer (pia mater)

Cervical Cord section, Thoracic cord section, Cuada Equina section.

Ends at L2 (Lumbar 2)- Splits at cauda equina

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9
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

comprised of the autonomic nervous system (ANS),
12 cranial nerves, and spinal nerves

It is divided into the:

Sympathetic nervous system – which controls changes in the body required to respond to stress (the “fight-or-flight” response)

Parasympathetic nervous system – which controls changes required to oppose stress (the “rest-and-digest” response)

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10
Q

spinal nerves

A 
31 pairs:
8 cervical pairs			
12 thoracic pairs
5 lumbar pairs			
5 sacral pairs
1 coccygeal pair

Each spinal nerve sends sensory impulses from the body organs and skin surfaces to the brain, while motor impulses return impulses from the brain via the spinal cord

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11
Q

Nervous system disorders

A 
Headache					
Nausea
Vomiting						
Mood swings
Fever							
Weakness

Disturbances in motor function include paralysis, seizures, and stiffness

Disturbances in sensory function include inability to speak, visual problems, and paralysis

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12
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

obtained via lumbar puncture. Distinctive test for neuro.

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13
Q

Encephalitis

A

“inflammation of the brain tissue”

It may be commonly carried by mosquitos

It may cause fever, headache, and back or neck stiffness, leading to lethargy, mental confusion, and coma

It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other diseases such as chicken pox or measles

usually diagnosed by examining the CSF via lumbar puncture

Meds?

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord meninges

usually a result of a bacterial infection

Such inflammation may involve all three meningeal membranes – the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Meningitis may cause:
High fever, Chills, Photophobia, Severe headache, Vomiting, Neck stiffness

This may lead to:
Drowsiness, Stupor, Seizures, Coma

It is usually caused by bacterial or viral agents, and is almost always a complication of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood).

diagnosed by a lumbar puncture, which shows:
Cloudy or milky-white CSF
Elevated CSF pressure
Decreased glucose level
High protein level

usually response well to appropriate IV antibiotics

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15
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Seems to be increasing recently

caused by a virus entering the body via the gastrointestinal tract, and manifesting in the spinal cord and brain stem

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16
Q

Rabies

A

a form of encephalomyelitis that may be fatal

acute viral disease of the central nervous system, transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva
(Neuro toxin)

Once fully manifested (Incubation period), rabies causes delirium, severe encephalitis, muscular spasms, seizures, paralysis, coma, and death

Diagnosis: based on patient history and physical examination that checks for muscle spasms, pain, and stiffness

cauterized and injected with immune globulin
immunizations must be started immediately, involving a series of 5 IM (Intramuscular) injections

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17
Q

Shingles

A

acute infection caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV)

Nearly ½ of shingles patients have experienced “chicken pox” previously (caused by the same virus)

Shingles causes an itching, painful, red-colored rash as well as vesicles that follow the path of one of the sensory nerves

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18
Q

Tetanus

A

acute, potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system

irritability, headache, fever, and painful spasms of the muscles resulting in “lockjaw” and laryngeal spasm

via (usually) puncture-type wounds

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19
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Also known as a stroke or brain attack

usually occurs in people over age 50, and is a major cause of death in this age group

A CVA is a sudden impairment of cerebral circulation in one or more blood vessels

This interrupts or lessens oxygen supply, usually causing serious damage or necrosis in brain tissue

CVA may cause sudden unconsciousness, permanent neurologic disability, or death

Symptoms are based on the part of the brain affected and the severity of the CVA

Stroke typically results from cerebral embolism, thrombus, or hemorrhage

Risk factors include: hypertension and family history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks

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20
Q

Aneurysm/stroke

A

Left-side body system damage is indicative of right-side brain damage, and vice versa

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21
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

an episode of cerebrovascular insufficiency

It is usually associated with partial occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus

Common symptoms include dizziness, limb weakness, numbness, slurred speech, and brief or mild loss of consciousness

are warning signs of an impending stroke

A common surgery to correct bloodflow for TIA is a carotid endarterectomy

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22
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

affects the 7th (VII) cranial nerve (facial nerve) to cause one-sided (unilateral) paralysis of the face

Signs and symptoms usually result from interference in motor function

It is of idiopathic origin, but may be caused by viruses, Lyme disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, meningitis, tumor, local trauma, sacroidosis, and autoimmune disorders

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23
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity

Incidence is highest during childhood and in the elderly, involving recurring seizures (“sudden attacks”) – not all seizures are characterized by convulsions

About ½ of all seizure disorder cases are idiopathic

treated with anticonvulsive medications

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24
Q

Headache

A

(cephalgia) is usually a symptom of another disease state

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25
main fissures(2)?
The prime fissures are the longitudinal fissure (separates L and R cerebrum) and lateral fissure (separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal
26
the (2) main sulci, their associated lobes & prime function
gyrus= in frontal lobe = motor function. | Post central gyrus= in parietal lobe = sensory function
27
Where is the gray matter in the cerebrum located generally (2)
grey matter of brain is located: in the cerebral cortex (outer 1 in) and Basal ganglia area (deep central cortex)
28
What structures comprise the diencephalon? And where are they located?
diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. The diencephalon is located above the brainstem. The hypothalamus is anterior to thalamus
29
What are the (2) main functions of the cerebellum?
cerebellum controls fine movement and coordination
30
what is the function of the thalamus & hypothalamus?
Thalamus fx= relay of sensory/motor tracts Hypothalamus= temp, wakefulness, homeostasis
31
what (3) structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
32
what are the general functions of the “brainstem”?
respiration, swallowing, wakefulness, cranial nerves originate
33
What brain structure contains arbor vitae?
found in the cerebellum
34
What is the structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres?
corpus collosum
35
What are the ventricle names that circulate the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)?
Third x2, then cerebral acqueduct, then fourth ventricle.
36
What brain structure is referred to as the “little brain”
cerebellum
37
what are the names of the (3 meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord?
``` Outer portion (dura mater) Middle layer (arachnoid) Inner layer (pia mater) ```
38
what is the name of the condensed spinal cord region at the L2 level called?
Conus Medullaris
39
what is the name given to the spinal cord fibers after L2 called?
Cauda equina
40
What type of matter is the butterfly-shaped inner region of the spinal cord versus the outer region matter?
gray matter
41
What type of matter do the ascending/descending tracts primarily utilize?
white matter, why? Because it's myelinated= faster
42
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
43
(Spinal Nerves) What are the divisions and # of each of the divisions?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, Coccygeal 1
44
Afferent means what in relation to spinal nerves?
Sensory-ingoing through dorsal root
45
Efferent means what in relation to spinal nerves
motor- outgoing through ventral root
46
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system. Somatic “voluntary” control r/t to skeletal muscles Autonomic- “involuntary” control = sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
47
Are the (12) cranial nerves and (31) spinal nerves part of the peripheral nervous system?
Yes
48
the first six cranial nerves in order?
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens
49
the last six cranial nerves in order?
facial, vestibular cochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus(x), spinal accessory, hypoglossal,
50
What cranial nerve is noted for most parasympathetic effects?
Oculomotor
51
Which cranial nerve provides taste, facial movements, and saliva?
Facial
52
which cranial nerve provides trapezius shrugging and head turning?
Accessory
53
Olfactory (I)
Smell
54
Optic (II)
Sight
55
Oculomotor (III)
Eyelid, pupil, eyelid movement
56
Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI)
Eyeball movement
57
Trigeminal (V)
face and mouth pain, temperature, and touch; chewing
58
Facial (VII)
taste, facial movement, saliva secretion
59
Auditory (VIII)
hearing, balance
60
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
swallowing, saliva secretion, taste, sensation in mouth and pharynx
61
Vagus (X)
pharyngeal, laryngeal, chest, and gastrointestinal system movement and sensation
62
Accessory (XI)
head and shoulder movement
63
Hypoglossal (XII)
tongue movement
64
What is the most important neurologic laboratory test
analyzing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), obtained via lumbar puncture
65
Are neurological infections more common in the young?
yes
66
Encephalitis is defined as? & common mode of transmission
“inflammation of the brain tissue”, common mode of transmission= mosquitoes
67
What are the S/S of Encephalitis?
It may cause fever, headache, and back or neck stiffness, leading to lethargy, mental confusion, and coma
68
What are the cause/s of Encephalitis?
It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other diseases such as chicken pox or measles
69
How is Encephalitis Dx’d?
CSF culture, electroencephalogram, CT , MRI, & radionuclide scans
70
How is Encephalitis Tx’d?
antiviral medication with varying degrees of effectiveness
71
What is Meningitis?
inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord meninges
72
What type of microorganism is the typical cause of the Meningitis infection?
Bacterial most common
73
S/S of Meningitis may cause? (6)
High fever, Chills, Photophobia, Severe headache, Vomiting, Neck stiffness may lead to: Drowsiness, Stupor, Seizures, Coma
74
A complication is often related to what condition?
complication of bacteremia
75
Poliomyelitis: Is the incidence less or greater than in the past?
Incidence is less than in past
76
Poliomyelitis: What is the microorganism, mode of entry, AND what nervous system structures does it affect?
Caused by a virus entering the body via the gastrointestinal tract, and manifesting in the spinal cord and brain stem
77
What is the term to describe the effects of those who have had polio that may experience later progressive effects?
progressive muscle decline later in life= (“postpolio syndrome”)
78
What potentially fatal (condition) or form is Rabies known as?
encephalomyelitis
79
Rabies a) What microorganism is the cause b) what part of the nervous system does it affect c) AND how is it transmitted?
a) Acute viral disease b) of the central nervous system c) transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva
80
Rabies: What are the S/S?
delirium, severe encephalitis, muscular spasms, seizures, paralysis, coma, and death
81
Rabies: Dx’d?
exam (spasm, pain, stiffness), animal biopsy, & physical
82
Rabies: Tx'd?
Immunoglobulin + 5 series IM immunizations
83
Shingles: What is the microorganism cause & name?
an acute infection caused by the varicella virus (VZV), which mainly affects older adults
84
What % of those dx’d with Shingles, had a hx of chicken pox?
50% have had h/o of chicken pox
85
Shingles: S/S?
itching, painful, red-colored rash as well as vesicles that follow the path of one of the sensory nerves
86
Shingles: DX?
lesions, blood test for HZVirus
87
Shingles: TX?
depends on severity: antivirals, antipruritics(anti-itch), and analgesics
88
What year was vaccination for shingles 1st used and for what age?
2006 vaccination for > 60
89
Tetanus: What is the a) microorganism and b)mode of transmission?
a) bacterial- neurotoxin, affects CNS | b) puncture wound
90
Tetanus: Could this condition be fatal?
yes
91
Tetanus: Is the DPT immunization as a child enough if you reach adulthood?
No, typically need a booster every 5-10yr to be immune as immunology cannot be conferred.
92
Tetanus: S/S characteristics?
irritability, headache, fever, and painful spasms of the muscles resulting in “lockjaw” and laryngeal spasm
93
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): is a major cause of death for those over 50 y/o?
True
94
What is the cause of a CVA?
a sudden impairment of cerebral circulation in one or more blood vessels This interrupts or lessens oxygen supply, usually causing serious damage or necrosis in brain tissue
95
What is the most common cerebral artery that supplies the parietal and temporal lobes?
Middle cerebral Artery
96
what cerebral artery supplies the frontal lobe?
Anterior cerebral Artery
97
What are the three types of causes/types of CVA?
cerebral embolism, thrombus, or hemorrhage
98
CVA: What are two risk factors?
Family hx of CVA/TIA, HTN (HYPERTENSION)
99
What type of CVA would occur related to opening of an aneurysm?
hemorrhage
100
CVA: DX'd
EEG, CT, or MRI
101
A left Cerebral infarct would affect which side of the body?
Right body presentation/dysfunction due to L CVA
102
CVA: Tx'd
Anticoagulant, HTN meds
103
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is an episode of cerebrovascular _______
cerebrovascular insufficiency. Temporary
104
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is usually associated with __________ occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus
partial occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus
105
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): S/S
dizziness, limb weakness, numbness, slurred speech, and brief or mild loss of consciousness
106
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Dx test
Arteriogram
107
A common surgery to correct bloodflow for TIA is a?
carotid endarterectomy procedure may be used to correct TIA artery blockage
108
Bell’s palsy affects the _______( #, name)cranial nerve?
Facial nerve #7 (VII)
109
Bell’s palsy: S/S and is it unilateral or bilateral? It is of idiopathic origin, but may be caused by viruses, Lyme disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, meningitis, tumor, local trauma, sacroidosis, and autoimmune disorders
unilateral facial droop (usually result from interference in motor function)
110
Bell’s palsy: TX meds: (2)
Analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications (corticosteroids) and other measures may include warm, moist heat; massage; and/or electrotherapy
111
Epilepsy definition?
chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity
112
Epilepsy: what % is idiopathic cause?
50%
113
Epilepsy: characterized by seizures, but not all seizures are characterized as: _____________
convulsions
114
Epilepsy: Dx tests (3)
by more than 1 seizure via EEG, CT, or skull x-rays
115
Epilepsy: Med Tx?
anticonvulsants
116
what is another name for Headache (HA)?
(cephalgia)- is usually a symptom of another disease state
117
what are the two types of physiological causes of HA’s? (2)
physiologic cause: by tense facial, scalp, and neck muscles, as well as dilation or constriction of the vessels inside the head (muscular or vascular). Also be head trauma, insomnia, substance abuse,
118
Headache (HA): They may be acute or chronic, and caused/triggered by (6)
Allergies, Noise, Stress, Lack of sleep, Toxic fumes, Consumption of alcohol
119
Headache (HA): DX tests used
skull x-rays, EEG, CT, MRI, cranial nerve testing, arteriogram, lumbar puncture, and CSF testing
120
Headache (HA): general TX
different medications, diet, exercise, and adequate sleep
121
Parkinson's: What sex & age is the condition more prevalent?
Prevalent in men >50’s
122
Parkinson's: Definition?
slow progressive brain disorder involving the basal ganglia/substantia nigra region with brain cells that have deficient dopamine
123
Parkinson's: It characteristically produces? (3) S/S:
Progressive muscle rigidity, Akinesia, involuntary tremor
124
Parkinson's: common physical manifestations (6)
Rigid, immobile hands, Slow speech, Fine tremor- “pill-rolling” motion of the fingers, Infrequent blinking, An expressionless face, Flexed arms, “bent-forward” posture, walking gait with short, quick steps
125
Parkinson's: is it curable? What med tx is given?
not curable- but dopamamine med (L-dopa)
126
Dementia definition?
a loss of mental ability because of loss of brain cells or neurons
127
what are the types of dementia?
a) senile (old) cells degenerate naturally b) Vascular dementia is considered a form of senile dementia because it usually occurs in older adult c) head trauma d) substance abuse
128
dementia: tx meds
vascular (HA) hippuric acid including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine
129
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the __________, especially the frontal lobe
cerebral cortex esp frontal lobe deterioration of cells
130
Alzheimer’s: how many years could the condition develop to late stage?
10 years could take to progress to late stage
131
Alzheimer’s: what is the cause? Is there a cure?
no known cause, but has been linked to heredity, autoimmunity, toxicities- mercury eg, and viruses. NO CURE- some meds slow progression
132
Alzheimer’s: Dx tests?
MRI,CT to see plaques
133
Definition of apnea # of periods ____ lasting for ____sec during every ___ hour of sleep.
10 secs during every 1 hour
134
Brain Tumor manifestations result from increased ________ pressure
increased intracranial pressure
135
Brain Tumor Tx
chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, dependent on the type and location of the tumor
136
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
is a complex injury with many symptoms and disabilities
137
concussion
head trauma that does not physically bruise the brain tissue
138
contusion
more serious than concussion, and is defined as a physical bruising of the brain tissue
139
main symptom of both a concussion and a contusion
unconsciousness, and there may also be amnesia following the event
140
epidural hematoma
“a collection of blood between the skull and dura mater”
141
subdural hematoma
“collection of blood between the dura mater layer and the arachnoid layer”
142
S/S of a hematoma
dilated pupils, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, increased intracranial pressure, loss of consciousness, hemiparesis, and convulsions
143
Tx hematoma
reduce ICP, and may include craniotomy and cauterizing of tissue
144
Spinal Cord Injury: what is the term to describe the lower body that has been affected?
paraplegia
145
Spinal Cord Injury: what is the term to describe when UE/LE are all affected?
quadriplegia
146
Spinal cord injury often causes loss of feeling and movement (_______) the area of injury
below the level
147
When the C1-C3 area of the spinal cord is injured, it is often fatal, due to?
the breathing centers in the medulla being affected when C1-3 levels are involved
148
what is the condition called whereby damage to ½ of the spinal cord is affected?
Brown Sequard syndrome
149
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Definition? And also known by what name?
a degenerative disease that affects the upper and lower motor neurons, and is commonly called “Lou Gehrig’s disease”
150
(ALS) Possible prognosis in years?
debilitating progressive- could fatal in 1 year
151
(ALS) Age range of onset? And gender?
age range 40-70, Men 3x more common
152
Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Definition
lastGuillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, progressive spinal nerve disease of unknown origin
153
Guillain-Barre Syndrome: S/S
It causes fever, malaise, nausea, muscle weakness, paresthesia, and paralysis
154
Guillain-Barre Syndrome: how long do the symptoms progress and recovery can last?
Symptoms can progress to several weeks, and recovery can take up to one year
155
Huntington’s Chorea: Definition
This genetic disease affects half of children in families in which one parent has the dominant gene
156
Huntington’s Chorea: age appear?
It does not appear until middle age
157
Huntington’s Chorea: s/s key (3)
progressive brain deterioration, loss of muscle control, and chorea
158
Huntington’s Chorea: is there a cure?
There is no cure, and treatment is supportive
159
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): definition?
a chronic inflammatory disease involving demyelinization of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
160
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): S/S (6ish)
lack of coordination, muscle weakness or numbness, unsteady gait, paresthesia, vertigo, difficulty speaking, etc.
161
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Med tx Acute attacks vs Chronic?
a) Acute attacks are treated with corticosteroids | b) Chronic forms are treated with interferons, immune modulators
162
Myasthenia Gravis: definition?
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic and progressive neuromuscular disease that appears to develop from the presence of autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (affects the NMJ)
163
Myasthenia Gravis: symptom presentation
causes severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
164
Myasthenia Gravis: Does this condition cause muscle atrophy?
not cause muscular atrophy

PT116 (9 decks)

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