Units #6 and #7

Question 1

Übermensch (5)

Answer 1

• Nietzsche’s theory of a SUPERMAN (beyond + man):
• ideal man of the future who gives himself values/morality
• far superior to all other human beings psychologically
• has overcome nihilism
• independent individual, very much NOT A CHRISTIAN

Question 2

Nietzsche’s Slave or Average Man (3)

Answer 2

• inferior because he is traditional, domestic and cowardly
• believes in metaphysics and God, especially Christianity
• lives a life of change: death, sickness, decline etc.

Question 3

Nietzsche Philosophy

Answer 3

• sexist, vitalist and nihilist
• critical of metaphysics

Question 4

Things Nietzsche hated (3)

Answer 4

• Christianity, as it reflects slave morality
• Previous philosophers (history of philosophy is a grave error)
• Metaphysics

Question 5

Nietzsche Vitalism

Answer 5

• Affirms the importance of life
• Understands individual experience as full of intensity and fulfillment

Question 6

Nietzsche’s Problem with Metaphysics (2)

Answer 6

• It belittles everything and makes all seem sad
• Rejection of metaphysics (God, the soul and the world) affirms the fullness of life

Question 7

Wittgenstein Philosophy

Answer 7

Philosopher who also believed metaphysics and other philosophical problems were nonsense

• Wrote about these in his famous book Tractatus logico-philosophicus

Question 8

Nietzsche’s two types of humans

Answer 8

the higher human beings (supermen), and those who belong to the herd (slaves)

Question 9

Wittgenstein

Answer 9

A 20th century philosopher who wrote about language

Question 10

Wittgenstein Language (4)

Answer 10

• Solves philosophy’s problems, as philosophy is just a misinterpretation of language
• Language is like a box of tools
• Language is perfect, all though some people deform it
• Ethical creative mystique

Question 11

Two classes of Sentences (according to Wittgenstein)

Answer 11

Prepositions that don’t make sense
Prepositions that do make sense (well-constructed and scientific)

Question 12

Wittgenstein: if you can’t speak….

Answer 12

then shut up

Question 13

Idealist Philosophers believed…

Answer 13

reality (last reality) is spiritual and formed of ideas

Question 14

“The Change” for Aristotle

Answer 14

the change is produced when a being of potential becomes a being of action

Question 15

Hegel’s Philosophy

Answer 15

a dialect on the continuous change of reality caused by confrontation between opposing elements

Question 16

Atheism

Answer 16

philosophical current that denies the existence of God

Question 17

Agnosticism

Answer 17

philosophical current that believes it is impossible to get an answer to the question of the existence of God

Question 18

A priori (religious definition)

Answer 18

arguments that start from the concept of God to try to prove that He is not only an idea in our mind, but also has a real existence

Question 19

A posteriori (religious definition)

Answer 19

based on the observation of the world around us that God has already created, so they are based on after the experience

Question 20

Movement

Answer 20

change from a being of potential to a being of action (Aristotelian idea)

Question 21

Telos

Answer 21

the final cause of a natural organism or entity (Aristotelian idea)

Question 22

What is a man?

Answer 22

a free being

Question 23

Existentialism (3)

Answer 23

• essence has priority over existence
• considers freedom to be the most important characteristic of people
• freedom is a fundamental reality and is a unique feature of human beings

Question 24

Ideas philosophers responded to the question of god (4)

Answer 24

theism, deism, agnosticism and atheism

Question 25

Ontology definition and roots of the word

Answer 25

a branch of philosophy that asks the meaning of everything that exists Onto means "what is" Logy means logic/logos

Question 26

idea of Jean-Paul Santre

Answer 26

a man is responsible for what he is (his essence)

Question 27

the relation between the sensible world and the intelligible world

Answer 27

ideas, specifically pure ideas

Question 28

Pure Ideas (2)

Answer 28

- substantive beings that exist by themselves - they are the fundamental cause and reason for our existence

Question 29

deepening of the crisis of metaphysics

Answer 29

scientific and technical development deepened the crisis of metaphysics in the contemporary era (1940-present)

Question 30

Contemporary philosophers who helped the crisis of metaphysics

Answer 30

Jean-Paul Sartre (France), Martin Heidegger (Germany) and José Ortega y Gasset (Spain)

Question 31

For Hegel true reality is....

Answer 31

immaterial and is formed by what he called "Spirit," which is pure reason

Question 32

Parmenides' metaphysics

Answer 32

the idea of Being, which is true reality and permanent Non-Being is not

Question 33

3 parts of Hegel's dialectic idea

Answer 33

thesis is an intellectual proposition the antithesis the reaction/discussion of the thesis the synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by forming a new proposition

Question 34

Metaphysics

Answer 34

God, soul and the universe

Question 35

Pantheism

Answer 35

philosophical doctrine that identifies God with everything that exists

Question 36

Essence

Answer 36

the characteristics that a thing has by itself, and that makes it what it is and not something different

Question 37

Four Causes (Aristotle)

Answer 37

material cause, formal cause, efficient cause and final cause

Question 38

Material Cause (Aristotle)

Answer 38

what is it made of (what is its matter)?

Question 39

Formal Cause (Aristotle)

Answer 39

how is it made? the way the matter is structured and organized

Question 40

Efficient Cause

Answer 40

what or who has made it?

Question 41

Final Cause

Answer 41

what was it made for? Aristotle believed that everything exists for a purpose

Question 42

Wilhelm Leibniz

Answer 42

- German philosopher who believed that there were infinite substances, - Reality was composed of a mix of these substances called monads

Question 43

Three States of Human Question about the World Around Us

Answer 43

theological stage, metaphysical stage and positive stage

Question 44

Theological Stage

Answer 44

the belief in gods and supernatural beings

Question 45

Metaphysical Stage

Answer 45

people abandon the belief in gods and try to explain reality by means of abstract reasoning

Question 46

Positive Stage

Answer 46

- affirms faith in science offer clear and effective answers to our questions - we know the laws of nature and use them improve our living condition

Question 47

Plato vs. Aristotle Learning

Answer 47

People thought we already knew ideas because we have them in mind, our interior learning new things in reminiscence Aristotle thought reality was made sense of and understood by individuals, particulars of the sensible world

Question 48

Theism

Answer 48

believers in the existence of an all-powerful and benevolent creator God, who intervenes in the history of humanity and who can maintain a personal relationship with us

Question 49

Deism

Answer 49

philosophical current that believes the only truths about God we can know for certain are we those that reason shows us

Question 50

Nominalism

Answer 50

believe universals have no difference other than the language describing them

Question 51

Descartes (2)

Answer 51

doubted metaphysics and applied a radical method of questioning absolutely everything, called Cartesian methodical doubt he did not however doubt his own existence, "I think therefore I am"