Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is the primary function of disinfectants?

Answer 1

Destroying harmful microorganisms (99.9%)

Question 2

What is the primary function of antiseptics?

Answer 2

Destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue

Question 3

What is the primary function of sterilants?

Answer 3

Removing and destroying all microbial life

Question 4

Define sepsis

Answer 4

Refers to bacterial contamination

Question 5

Define asepsis

Answer 5

Absence of significant contamination

Question 6

What is the difference between biocides and biostatic methods?

Answer 6

Biocides kill microbes; biostatic methods inhibit microbial and fungal growth

Question 7

What does D-value refer to in microbial growth?

Answer 7

The time required to kill 90% of the microorganisms in a sample

Question 8

What does BSL-1 stand for?

Answer 8

Biological Safety Level 1 - not known to cause disease and pose minimal risk

Question 9

What does BSL-2 stand for?

Answer 9

Biological Safety Level 2 - typically indigenous and associated with disease of varying severity, moderate risk

Question 10

What does BSL-3 stand for?

Answer 10

Biological Safety Level 3 - indigenous or exotic and cause serious or potentially lethal disease, respiratory transmission

Question 11

What does BSL-4 stand for?

Answer 11

Biological Safety Level 4 - dangerous and exotic, fatal without treatment or vaccines

Question 12

List the methods that apply heat for microbial control

Answer 12

• Dry heat (oxidation; flaming, incineration)
• Moist heat (denatures; autoclave)
• Pasteurization (HTST or UHT; involves cycles of heat and cold)

Question 13

What is the application of filtration in microbial control?

Answer 13

Passage of liquid/air through screen-like material; used for heat-sensitive substances

Question 14

How do heavy metals kill microbes?

Answer 14

By binding to proteins and inhibiting enzymatic activity

Question 15

What are some factors that affect the activity of an antimicrobial agent?

Answer 15

• Population size
• Population composition
• Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent
• Duration of exposure
• Temperature
• Local environment (pH, viscosity, biofilms)

Question 16

What are the methods to test the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?

Answer 16

• Disk diffusion
• Measuring the zone of inhibition

Question 17

Define chemotherapy in the context of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 17

Use of chemicals to treat a disease

Question 18

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 18

Substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

Question 19

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 19

Selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

Question 20

Name one of the early pioneers of chemotherapy and their contribution

Answer 20

Ehrlich and Hata discover Salvarsan (contains arsenic)

Question 21

What is the difference between natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 21

• Natural: Compounds isolated from organisms
• Semisynthetic: Chemically modified derivative of a natural antibiotic
• Synthetic: Developed from a chemical not found in nature

Question 22

What is the difference between broad spectrum drugs and narrow spectrum drugs?

Answer 22

• Broad spectrum: Affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• Narrow spectrum: Affect a narrow range of bacteria

Question 23

What is the significance of dosage in antimicrobial treatment?

Answer 23

The amount of medication given in a certain time interval to reach optimum therapeutic levels without significant side effects

Question 24

What factors can influence the side effects of a drug?

Answer 24

• Toxicity
• Selective toxicity
• Half-life

Question 25

What is bacteriostatic activity?

Answer 25

Inhibits growth without killing bacteria

Question 26

What is bactericidal activity?

Answer 26

Used for killing bacteria

Question 27

What are the mechanisms of action for drugs that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis?

Answer 27

Prevents synthesis of peptidoglycan (e.g., penicillins)

Question 28

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

Answer 28

* Exotoxins: Proteins, soluble, high toxicity, gram-positive * Endotoxins: Lipids, low toxicity, gram-negative, released during bacterial multiplication

Question 29

Define epidemiology

Answer 29

Study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

Question 30

What is a notifiable disease?

Answer 30

Public health importance; physicians are required to report

Question 31

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence of disease?

Answer 31

* Prevalence: Existing cases * Incidence: Number of new cases

Question 32

What are the characteristics of endemic diseases?

Answer 32

Constantly present in a certain percentage of the population

Question 33

Define nosocomial infections

Answer 33

Infections acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility (HAIs)

Question 34

What is a compromised host?

Answer 34

Individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

Question 35

What are innate defenses?

Answer 35

Non-specific defenses including physical, mechanical, chemical barriers, and cellular defenses

Question 36

What role does the microbiota play in innate defenses?

Answer 36

Competes with pathogens for cellular binding sites and nutrients

Question 37

What are antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 37

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial mediators that can be produced routinely or in response to pathogens

Question 38

What are the outcomes of complement activation?

Answer 38

* Cytolysis * Opsonization * Inflammation