Upper Digestive Tract Flashcards by Lindsey Hettish

Together the organs of this system perform a vital function : Prepare nutrients for absorption & use by the millions of body cells

Digestive System

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Main organs of the digestive system form this tract, which extends through the abdominopelvic cavity
Ingested food material passing through the lumen (opening that stays open) is outside the internal environment of the body

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)

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Made up of 3 layers:

Epithelium: inner most mucous layer
Lamina Propria: A layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue
Muscularis Mucosae: A thin layer of smooth muscle

Mucosa

Wall of the GI Tract

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Contains numerous glands, blood vessels & Parasympathetic nerves

Submucosa

Wall of the GI tract

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Thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa

Muscularis

Wall of the GI Tract

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Outermost layer of the GI Tract, is made up of serous membrane

Serosa

Wall of the GI Tract

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Another name for the Oral Cavity

Buccal Cavity

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Covered externally by skin & internally by mucous membrane

Lips

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Line of contact between closed lips form the

Oral Fissure

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The upper lip is marked near the midline by a shallow vertical groove called the

Philtrum

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Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity
Continuous with the lips and lined by mucous membrane
Formed mainly by the Buccinator muscle and covered by adipose tissue

Cheeks

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Consists of portions of 4 bones :

2 maxillae & 2 palatines

Hard Palate

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Forms the partition between the mouth & nasopharynx

Made of muscle arranged in an arch

Soft Palatine

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Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch

Uvula

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Consists of 3 parts:

Root
Tip
Body

Tongue

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Located on the dorsal & lateral surfaces of the tongue

Papillae

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Anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Lingual Frenulum

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Important for speech & mastication (chewing)

Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

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Important for Deglutition (swallowing) & Speech

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

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Secrete approximately 1L of saliva each day

Additional small buccal glands provide for hygiene & comfort of oral tissues

Compound Tubuloalveolar glands

Salivary Glands

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Produce watery saliva containing enzymes

Parotid Glands
(Salivary Glands)

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Compound glands that contain enzyme & mucus-producing elements

Submandibular Glands
(Salivary Glands)

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Produce a mucous type of saliva

Sublingual Glands
(Salivary Glands)

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Teeth are the organs of

Mastication (Chewing)

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Exposed portion of a tooth, covered by enamel

Crown

Narrow portion that joins the crown to the root

Neck

Fits into the socket of the alveolar process

Root

4 special types of connective tissues that make up outer shell of a tooth

Dentin Cementum Enamel Pulp

20 baby teeth, whch appear early in life | Shed between ages 6-13

Deciduous Teeth

32 teeth | Replace the Deciduous teeth

Permanent Teeth

Tube through which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition Air passes through all 3 divisions Only terminal portion is involved in the digestive system

Pharynx

Tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach First segment of the digestive tube Lined with stratified squamous epithelium (cervical, thoracic & abdominal parts) Each end is encircled by muscular sphincters

Esophagus

Size varies according to factors such as gender & amount of distention When it does not contain food, it is about the size of a large sausage In adults, its capacity ranges from 1 to 1.5L Located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the liver & diaphragm

Stomach

Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus

4 Divisions of the Stomach

Collar-like region at the junction of the stomach & the esophagus

Cardia

Enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the Esophagus into the stomach

Fundus

Central portion of the stomach

Body

Lower part of the stomach

Pylorus

2 curves of the stomach

Lesser Curvature | Greater Curvature

Controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach

Cardiac Sphincter (Lower esophageal sphincter)

Controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum

Pyloric Sphincter

Epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits

Stomach Wall

Secrete most of the gastric juice

Gastric Glands

Secrete the enzymes of gastric juice

Chief Cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid | Thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Parietal Cells

Secrete gastrin & ghrelin

Endocrine Cells

Thick layer of muscle with 3 distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern This pattern allows the stomach to contract strongly & efficiently at many angles

Gastric Muscularis

- Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food - Breaks food into small particles & mixes them with gastric juice - Secretes intrinsic factor - Performs limited absorption - Produces gastrin & ghrelin - Helps protect the body from pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food

Functions of the Stomach

Autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system targets the salivary & tear glands for destruction & dry eyes & dry mouth

Sjogren Syndrome | Disorder of the mouth & esophagus

Acute viral disease characterized by swelling & inflammation of the parotid gland (Parotitis)

Mumps | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Tooth Decay Inflammation or infection of the gums

Gingivitis | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Tooth Decay Inflammation of the periodontal membrane or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw

Periodontitis | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Tooth Decay Precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white & slightly raised patched of tissue

Leukoplakia | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Tooth Decay Abnormal alignment of the upper & lower teeth

Malocclusion | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus causes symptoms of "heart burn" which typically include burning & pressure behind breastbone

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Disorders of the mouth & esophagus

Stomach inflammation (gastritis) & intestinal inflammation (enteritis)

Gastroenteritis | Disorder of the Stomach

Chronic loss of appetite

Anorexia | Disorder of the Stomach

An unpleasant feeling that often leads to vomiting

Nausea | Disorder of the Stomach

Vomiting

Emesis | Disorder of the Stomach

The pyloric fibers do not relax normally to allow food to leave the stomach; Consequently, the infant vomits food instead of digesting & absorbing it

Pylorospasm & Pyloric Stenosis (narrowing) | Disorder of the Stomach

Upper Digestive Tract Flashcards

(60 cards)